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<title>Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</title>

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Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="Indian_name" title="Indian name">Indian name</a>, the name Subrahmanyan is a <a href="Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a>, and the person should be referred to by the <a href="Given_name" title="Given name">given name</a>, Chandrasekhar.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="ta">சுப்பிரமணியன் சந்திரசேகர்</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(1910-10-19)19 October 1910 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="Punjab_(British_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab (British India)">Punjab</a>, <a href="British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a> (present-day <a href="Punjab%2C_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>, <a href="Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 August 1995(1995-08-21) (aged 84) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="Chicago%2C_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>British India (1910–1947)</li><li>India (1947–1953)</li><li>United States (1953–1995)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist">

<ul><li><a href="University_of_Madras" title="University of Madras">University of Madras</a> (<a href="BSc" class="mw-redirect" title="BSc">BSc</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Trinity_College%2C_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a> (<a href="MSc" class="mw-redirect" title="MSc">MSc</a>, <a href="PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist">

<ul><li><a href="Chandrasekhar_limit" title="Chandrasekhar limit">Chandrasekhar limit</a></li>

<li><a href="Chandrasekhar_number" title="Chandrasekhar number">Chandrasekhar number</a></li>

<li><a href="Chandrasekhar_friction" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrasekhar friction">Chandrasekhar friction</a></li>

<li><a href="Chandrasekhar%E2%80%93Kendall_function" title="Chandrasekhar–Kendall function">Chandrasekhar–Kendall function</a></li>

<li><a href="Chandrasekhar's_H-function" title="Chandrasekhar's H-function">Chandrasekhar's H-function</a></li>

<li><a href="Emden%E2%80%93Chandrasekhar_equation" title="Emden–Chandrasekhar equation">Emden–Chandrasekhar equation</a></li>

<li><a href="Chandrasekhar%E2%80%93Fermi_method" title="Chandrasekhar–Fermi method">Chandrasekhar–Fermi method</a></li>

<li><a href="Chandrasekhar%E2%80%93Friedman%E2%80%93Schutz_instability" title="Chandrasekhar–Friedman–Schutz instability">Chandrasekhar–Friedman–Schutz instability</a></li>

<li>Chandrasekhar transformation</li>

<li><a href="Chandrasekhar%E2%80%93Page_equations" title="Chandrasekhar–Page equations">Chandrasekhar–Page equations</a></li>

<li><a href="Kramers%E2%80%93Chandrasekhar_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Kramers–Chandrasekhar equation">Kramers–Chandrasekhar equation</a></li>

<li><a href="Chandrasekhar_potential_energy_tensor" title="Chandrasekhar potential energy tensor">Chandrasekhar tensor</a></li>

<li><a href="Chandrasekhar_virial_equations" title="Chandrasekhar virial equations">Chandrasekhar virial equations</a></li>

<li><a href="Batchelor%E2%80%93Chandrasekhar_equation" title="Batchelor–Chandrasekhar equation">Batchelor–Chandrasekhar equation</a></li>

<li><a href="Sch%C3%B6nberg%E2%80%93Chandrasekhar_limit" title="Schönberg–Chandrasekhar limit">Schönberg–Chandrasekhar limit</a></li>

<li><a href="Chandrasekhar's_white_dwarf_equation" title="Chandrasekhar's white dwarf equation">Chandrasekhar's white dwarf equation</a></li>

<li><a href="Chandrasekhar_polarization" title="Chandrasekhar polarization">Chandrasekhar polarization</a></li>

<li><a href="Chandrasekhar_algorithm" title="Chandrasekhar algorithm">Chandrasekhar algorithm</a></li>

<li><a href="Chandrasekhar's_X-_and_Y-function" title="Chandrasekhar's X- and Y-function">Chandrasekhar's X- and Y-function</a></li>

<li><a href="Discrete_Ordinates_Method" class="mw-redirect" title="Discrete Ordinates Method">Discrete Ordinates Method</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_things_named_after_Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="List of things named after Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Others in list form</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1298804929">

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<div class="marriage-display-inline"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Lalitha Doraiswamy</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1936)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Chandrasekhar_family" title="Chandrasekhar family">Chandrasekhar family</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist">

<li><a href="Adams_Prize" title="Adams Prize">Adams Prize</a> (1948)</li>

<li><a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (1983)</li>

<li><a href="Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> (1984)</li>

<li><a href="National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a> (1966)</li>

<li><a href="Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> (1962)</li>

<li><a href="Padma_Vibhushan" title="Padma Vibhushan">Padma Vibhushan</a> (1968)</li>

<li><a href="Dannie_Heineman_Prize_for_Mathematical_Physics" title="Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics">Heineman Prize</a> (1974)</li>

<li><a href="International_Center_for_Relativistic_Astrophysics" title="International Center for Relativistic Astrophysics">Marcel Grossman Award</a> (1994)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Scientific career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">Astrophysics</a> <a href="General_relativity" title="General relativity">General relativity</a> <a href="Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">Fluid dynamics</a> <a href="Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a> <a href="Quantum_chemistry" title="Quantum chemistry">Quantum theory</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> <a href="Yerkes_Observatory" title="Yerkes Observatory">Yerkes Observatory</a> <a href="Ballistic_Research_Laboratory" title="Ballistic Research Laboratory">Ballistic Research Laboratory</a> <a href="University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> Polytropic distributions  (1933)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Ralph_H._Fowler" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph H. Fowler">Ralph H. Fowler</a> <a href="Arthur_Eddington" title="Arthur Eddington">Arthur Eddington</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="plainlist">

<ul><li><a href="Donald_Edward_Osterbrock" title="Donald Edward Osterbrock">Donald Edward Osterbrock</a></li>

<li><a href="Guido_M%C3%BCnch" title="Guido Münch">Guido Münch</a></li>

<li><a href="Roland_Winston" title="Roland Winston">Roland Winston</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeremiah_P._Ostriker" title="Jeremiah P. Ostriker">Jeremiah P. Ostriker</a></li>

<li><a href="Jerome_Kristian" title="Jerome Kristian">Jerome Kristian</a></li>

<li><a href="Yousef_Sobouti" title="Yousef Sobouti">Yousef Sobouti</a></li>

<li><a href="Anne_Barbara_Underhill" title="Anne Barbara Underhill">Anne Barbara Underhill</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Code" title="Arthur Code">Arthur Code</a></li>

<li><a href="Surindar_Kumar_Trehan" title="Surindar Kumar Trehan">Surindar Kumar Trehan</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li></ul>

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</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr></tbody></table>

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (/ˌtʃəndrəˈʃeɪkər/ CHƏN-drə-SHAY-kər;<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>: சுப்பிரமணியன் சந்திரசேகர், romanized: Cuppiramaṇiyaṉ Cantiracēkar; 19 October 1910 – 21 August 1995)<a href="#cite_note-Osterbrock_1998_pp._658–665-4">[4]</a> was an <a href="Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">Indian-American</a> <a href="Theoretical_physicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoretical physicist">theoretical physicist</a> who made significant contributions to the scientific knowledge about the structure of stars, <a href="Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">stellar evolution</a> and <a href="Black_hole" title="Black hole">black holes</a>. He also devoted some of his prime years to fluid dynamics, especially stability and turbulence, and made important contributions. He was awarded the 1983 <a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> along with <a href="William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">William A. Fowler</a> for theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars. His mathematical treatment of stellar evolution yielded many of the current theoretical models of the later evolutionary stages of massive stars and black holes.<a href="#cite_note-currentscience-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Many concepts, institutions and inventions, including the <a href="Chandrasekhar_limit" title="Chandrasekhar limit">Chandrasekhar limit</a> and the <a href="Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra X-Ray Observatory</a>, are named after him.<a href="#cite_note-Sreenivasan-7">[7]</a>

Chandrasekhar worked on a wide variety of problems in physics during his lifetime, contributing to the contemporary understanding of <a href="Stellar_structure" title="Stellar structure">stellar structure</a>, <a href="White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarfs</a>, <a href="Stellar_dynamics" title="Stellar dynamics">stellar dynamics</a>, <a href="Stochastic_process" title="Stochastic process">stochastic process</a>, <a href="Radiative_transfer" title="Radiative transfer">radiative transfer</a>, the <a href="Quantum_Theory_of_Atoms_in_Molecules" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules">quantum theory</a> of the <a href="Hydrogen_anion" title="Hydrogen anion">hydrogen anion</a>, <a href="Hydrodynamic_stability" title="Hydrodynamic stability">hydrodynamic</a> and <a href="Hydromagnetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydromagnetics">hydromagnetic</a> stability, <a href="Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a>, equilibrium and the stability of <a href="Jacobi_ellipsoid" title="Jacobi ellipsoid">ellipsoidal figures of equilibrium</a>, <a href="General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a>, mathematical theory of black holes and theory of colliding <a href="Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">gravitational waves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-standrews-8">[8]</a> At the <a href="University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, he developed a theoretical model explaining the structure of white dwarf stars that took into account the relativistic variation of mass with the velocities of electrons that comprise their <a href="Degenerate_matter" title="Degenerate matter">degenerate matter</a>. He showed that the mass of a white dwarf could not exceed 1.44 times that of the Sun – the <a href="Chandrasekhar_limit" title="Chandrasekhar limit">Chandrasekhar limit</a>. Chandrasekhar revised the models of stellar dynamics first outlined by <a href="Jan_Oort" title="Jan Oort">Jan Oort</a> and others by considering the effects of fluctuating gravitational fields within the <a href="Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> on stars rotating about the galactic centre. His solution to this complex dynamical problem involved a set of twenty <a href="Partial_differential_equation" title="Partial differential equation">partial differential equations</a>, describing a new quantity he termed "<a href="Dynamical_friction" title="Dynamical friction">dynamical friction</a>", which has the dual effects of decelerating the star and helping to stabilize clusters of stars. Chandrasekhar extended this analysis to the interstellar medium, showing that clouds of galactic gas and dust are distributed very unevenly.

Chandrasekhar studied at <a href="Presidency_College%2C_Chennai" title="Presidency College, Chennai">Presidency College, Madras</a> (now <a href="Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>) and the <a href="University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>. A long-time professor at the <a href="University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, he did some of his studies at the <a href="Yerkes_Observatory" title="Yerkes Observatory">Yerkes Observatory</a>, and served as editor of <a href="The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a> from 1952 to 1971. He was on the faculty at Chicago from 1937 until his death in 1995 at the age of 84, and was the <a href="Morton_D._Hull" title="Morton D. Hull">Morton D. Hull</a> Distinguished Service Professor of Theoretical Astrophysics.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2></div>

Chandrasekhar was born in <a href="Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> on 19 October 1910 of the <a href="British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> (present-day <a href="Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>) in a <a href="Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamil</a> family,<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> to Sita Balakrishnan (1891–1931) and Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar (1885–1960)<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> who was stationed in Lahore as Deputy Auditor General of the <a href="North_Western_Railway_zone" title="North Western Railway zone">Northwestern Railways</a> at the time of Chandrasekhar's birth. Chandra, as Chandrasekhar was known, had two elder sisters, Rajalakshmi and Balaparvathi, three younger brothers, Vishwanathan, Balakrishnan, and Ramanathan, and four younger sisters, Sarada, Vidya, Savitri, and Sundari. His paternal uncle was the Indian physicist and Nobel laureate <a href="Chandrasekhara_Venkata_Raman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman">Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman</a>. His mother was devoted to intellectual pursuits, had translated <a href="Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Henrik Ibsen</a>'s <a href="A_Doll's_House" title="A Doll's House">A Doll's House</a> into <a href="Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> and is credited with arousing Chandra's intellectual curiosity at an early age.<a href="#cite_note-www.aljazeera.com-12">[12]</a> The family moved from Lahore to <a href="Prayagraj" title="Prayagraj">Allahabad</a> in 1916, and finally settled in <a href="Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a> in 1918.

Chandrasekhar was tutored at home until the age of 12.<a href="#cite_note-www.aljazeera.com-12">[12]</a> In middle school his father taught him <a href="Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> and <a href="Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> and his mother taught him <a href="Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>. He later attended the <a href="The_Hindu_Higher_Secondary_School" class="mw-redirect" title="The Hindu Higher Secondary School">Hindu High School</a>, <a href="Triplicane" title="Triplicane">Triplicane</a>, <a href="Chennai" title="Chennai">Madras</a> during the years 1922–25. Subsequently, he studied at <a href="Presidency_College%2C_Chennai" title="Presidency College, Chennai">Presidency College, Madras</a> (affiliated to the <a href="University_of_Madras" title="University of Madras">University of Madras</a>) from 1925 to 1930, writing his first paper, "The <a href="Compton_scattering" title="Compton scattering">Compton Scattering</a> and the <a href="Fermi%E2%80%93Dirac_statistics" title="Fermi–Dirac statistics">New Statistics</a>", in 1929 after being inspired by a lecture by <a href="Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Arnold Sommerfeld</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chandra_bio_INSA-13">[13]</a> He obtained his bachelor's degree, BSc (Hon.), in physics, in June 1930. In July 1930, Chandrasekhar was awarded a Government of India scholarship to pursue graduate studies at the <a href="University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, where he was admitted to <a href="Trinity_College%2C_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College</a>, secured by <a href="Ralph_H._Fowler" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph H. Fowler">R. H. Fowler</a> with whom he communicated his first paper. During his travels to <a href="England" title="England">England</a>, Chandrasekhar spent his time working out the <a href="Statistical_mechanics" title="Statistical mechanics">statistical mechanics</a> of the <a href="Degenerate_matter#Degenerate_gases" title="Degenerate matter">degenerate electron gas</a> in <a href="White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarf</a> stars, providing <a href="Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">relativistic</a> corrections to Fowler's previous work (see <a href="#Legacy">Legacy</a> below).

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="University_of_Cambridge">University of Cambridge</h2></div>

In his first year at Cambridge, as a research student of Fowler, Chandrasekhar spent his time calculating mean <a href="Opacity_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opacity (optics)">opacities</a> and applying his results to the construction of an improved model for the limiting mass of a degenerate star. At the meetings of the <a href="Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Royal Astronomical Society">Royal Astronomical Society</a>, he met <a href="E._A._Milne" class="mw-redirect" title="E. A. Milne">E. A. Milne</a>. At the invitation of <a href="Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a> he spent the summer of 1931, his second year of post-graduate studies, at Born's institute at <a href="G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, working on opacities, <a href="Atomic_spectral_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic spectral line">atomic absorption coefficients</a>, and <a href="Model_photosphere" title="Model photosphere">model stellar photospheres</a>. On the advice of <a href="Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a>, he spent his final year of graduate studies at the <a href="Niels_Bohr_Institute" title="Niels Bohr Institute">Institute for Theoretical Physics</a> in <a href="Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, where he met <a href="Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a>.

After receiving a bronze medal for his work on degenerate stars, Chandrasekhar was awarded his PhD degree at Cambridge in the summer of 1933, with a thesis on rotating self-gravitating <a href="Polytrope" title="Polytrope">polytropes</a>. On 9 October, he was elected to a Prize Fellowship at Trinity College for the period 1933–1937, becoming only the second Indian to receive a Trinity Fellowship after <a href="Srinivasa_Ramanujan" title="Srinivasa Ramanujan">Srinivasa Ramanujan</a> 16 years earlier. He had been so certain of failing to obtain the fellowship that he had already made arrangements to study under Milne that autumn at Oxford, even going to the extent of renting a flat there.<a href="#cite_note-Chandra_bio_INSA-13">[13]</a>

During this time, Chandrasekhar became acquainted with British physicist Sir <a href="Arthur_Eddington" title="Arthur Eddington">Arthur Eddington</a>. Eddington took an interest in his work, but in January, 1935, gave a talk severely criticizing Chandrasekhar's work (see <a href="#Dispute_with_Eddington">#Dispute with Eddington</a> and <a href="Chandrasekhar%E2%80%93Eddington_dispute" title="Chandrasekhar–Eddington dispute">Chandrasekhar–Eddington dispute</a>).

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_and_research">Career and research</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_career">Early career</h3></div>

In 1935, Chandrasekhar was invited by the director of the Harvard Observatory, <a href="Harlow_Shapley" title="Harlow Shapley">Harlow Shapley</a>, to be a visiting lecturer in theoretical astrophysics for a three-month period. He travelled to the United States in December. During his visit to Harvard, Chandrasekhar greatly impressed Shapley, but declined his offer of a Harvard research fellowship. At the same time, Chandrasekhar met <a href="Gerard_Kuiper" title="Gerard Kuiper">Gerard Kuiper</a>, a noted Dutch astrophysical observationalist who was then a leading authority on white dwarfs. Kuiper had recently been recruited by <a href="Otto_Struve" title="Otto Struve">Otto Struve</a>, the director of the <a href="Yerkes_Observatory" title="Yerkes Observatory">Yerkes Observatory</a> in <a href="Williams_Bay%2C_Wisconsin" title="Williams Bay, Wisconsin">Williams Bay, Wisconsin</a>, which was run by the <a href="University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, and the university's president, <a href="Robert_Maynard_Hutchins" title="Robert Maynard Hutchins">Robert Maynard Hutchins</a>. Having known of Chandrasekhar, Struve was then considering him for one of three faculty posts in astrophysics, along with Kuiper; the other opening had been filled by <a href="Bengt_Stromgren" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengt Stromgren">Bengt Stromgren</a>, a Danish theorist.<a href="#cite_note-Chandra_bio_INSA-13">[13]</a> Following a recommendation from Kuiper, Struve invited Chandrasekhar to Yerkes in March 1936 and offered him the job. Though Chandrasekhar was keenly interested, he initially declined the offer and left for England; after Hutchins sent a radiogram to Chandrasekhar during the voyage, he finally accepted, returning to Yerkes as an assistant professor of Theoretical Astrophysics in December 1936.<a href="#cite_note-Chandra_bio_INSA-13">[13]</a> Hutchins also intervened on an occasion where Chandra's participation on teaching a course organised by Struve, was vetoed by the dean <a href="Henry_Gale_(astrophysicist)" title="Henry Gale (astrophysicist)">Henry Gale</a> based on a racial prejudice; Hutchins said "By all means have Mr. Chandrasekhar teach".<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>

Chandrasekhar remained at the University of Chicago for his entire career. He was promoted to associate professor in 1941 and to full professor two years later at the age of 33.<a href="#cite_note-Chandra_bio_INSA-13">[13]</a> In 1946, when <a href="Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> offered Chandrasekhar a position vacated by <a href="Henry_Norris_Russell" title="Henry Norris Russell">Henry Norris Russell</a> with a salary double that of Chicago's, Hutchins incremented his salary matching with that of Princeton's and persuaded Chandrasekhar to stay in Chicago. In 1952, he became the <a href="Morton_D._Hull" title="Morton D. Hull">Morton D. Hull</a> Distinguished Service Professor of Theoretical Astrophysics and <a href="Enrico_Fermi_Institute" title="Enrico Fermi Institute">Enrico Fermi Institute</a>, upon <a href="Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a>'s invitation. In 1953, he and his wife, Lalitha Chandrasekhar, took American citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

After the Laboratory for Astrophysics and Space Research (LASR) was built by NASA in 1966 at the university, Chandrasekhar occupied one of the four corner offices on the second floor. (The other corners housed <a href="John_Alexander_Simpson" title="John Alexander Simpson">John A. Simpson</a>, <a href="Peter_Meyer_(astrophysicist)" title="Peter Meyer (astrophysicist)">Peter Meyer</a>, and <a href="Eugene_N._Parker" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugene N. Parker">Eugene N. Parker</a>.) Chandrasekhar lived at 4800 Lake Shore Drive after the high-rise apartment complex was built in the late 1960s, and later at 5550 Dorchester Building.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dispute_with_Eddington">Dispute with Eddington</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Chandrasekhar%E2%80%93Eddington_dispute" title="Chandrasekhar–Eddington dispute">Chandrasekhar–Eddington dispute</a></div>

After graduating from Cambridge, Chandrasekhar, who was in close contact with Arthur Eddington, presented a full solution to his stellar equation at the <a href="Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Royal Astronomical Society">Royal Astronomical Society</a> meeting in 1935. Eddington booked a talk right after Chandrasekhar, where he openly criticized Chandrasekhar's theory. This depressed Chandrasekhar and sparked a scientific dispute. Eddington refused to accept a limit for the mass of a star and proposed an alternative model.<a href="#cite_note-:0-16">[16]</a>

Chandrasekhar sought support from prominent physicists like <a href="L%C3%A9on_Rosenfeld" title="Léon Rosenfeld">Léon Rosenfeld</a>, <a href="Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> and <a href="Christian_M%C3%B8ller" title="Christian Møller">Christian Møller</a> who found Eddington's arguments lacking. The tension persisted through 1930s, as Eddington continued to openly criticize Chandrasekhar during meetings and the two compared each other's theories in publications. Chandrasekhar ultimately completed his theory of white dwarfs in 1939, receiving praise from others in the field. Eddington died in 1944, and despite their disagreements, Chandrasekhar continued to state that he admired Eddington and considered him a friend.<a href="#cite_note-:0-16">[16]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3></div>

During World War II, Chandrasekhar worked at the <a href="Ballistic_Research_Laboratory" title="Ballistic Research Laboratory">Ballistic Research Laboratory</a> at the <a href="Aberdeen_Proving_Ground" title="Aberdeen Proving Ground">Aberdeen Proving Ground</a> in Maryland. While there, he worked on problems of <a href="Ballistics" title="Ballistics">ballistics</a>, resulting in reports such as 1943's <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_the_Decay_of_Plane_Shock_Waves" class="extiw external" title="s:On the Decay of Plane Shock Waves">On the decay of plane shock waves</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Optimum_height_for_the_bursting_of_a_105mm_shell" class="extiw external" title="s:Optimum height for the bursting of a 105mm shell">Optimum height for the bursting of a 105mm shell</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_the_Conditions_for_the_Existence_of_Three_Shock_Waves" class="extiw external" title="s:On the Conditions for the Existence of Three Shock Waves">On the Conditions for the Existence of Three Shock Waves</a>,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/On_the_Determination_of_the_Velocity_of_a_Projectile_from_the_Beat_Waves_Produced_by_Interference_with_the_Waves_of_Modified_Frequency_Reflected_from_the_Projectile" class="extiw external" title="s:On the Determination of the Velocity of a Projectile from the Beat Waves Produced by Interference with the Waves of Modified Frequency Reflected from the Projectile">On the Determination of the Velocity of a Projectile from the Beat Waves Produced by Interference with the Waves of Modified Frequency Reflected from the Projectile</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_normal_reflection_of_a_blast_wave" class="extiw external" title="s:The normal reflection of a blast wave">The normal reflection of a blast wave</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-standrews-8">[8]</a> Chandrasekhar's expertise in hydrodynamics led <a href="Robert_Oppenheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Oppenheimer">Robert Oppenheimer</a> to invite him to join the <a href="Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> at Los Alamos, but delays in the processing of his security clearance prevented him from contributing to the project. It has been rumoured that he visited the <a href="Calutron" title="Calutron">Calutron</a> project.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy_of_systematization">Philosophy of systematization</h3></div>

He wrote that his scientific research was motivated by his desire to participate in the progress of different subjects in science to the best of his ability, and that the prime motive underlying his work was systematization. "What a scientist tries to do essentially is to select a certain domain, a certain aspect, or a certain detail, and see if that takes its appropriate place in a general scheme which has form and coherence; and, if not, to seek further information which would help him to do that".<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>

Chandrasekhar developed a unique style of mastering several fields of physics and astrophysics; consequently, his working life can be divided into distinct periods. He would exhaustively study a specific area, publish several papers in it and then write a book summarizing the major concepts in the field. He would then move on to another field for the next decade and repeat the pattern. Thus he studied <a href="Stellar_structure" title="Stellar structure">stellar structure</a>, including the theory of <a href="White_dwarfs" class="mw-redirect" title="White dwarfs">white dwarfs</a>, during the years 1929 to 1939, and subsequently focused on <a href="Stellar_dynamics" title="Stellar dynamics">stellar dynamics</a>, theory of <a href="Brownian_motion" title="Brownian motion">Brownian motion</a> from 1939 to 1943. Next, he concentrated on the theory of <a href="Radiative_transfer" title="Radiative transfer">radiative transfer</a> and the quantum theory of the <a href="Hydrogen_anion" title="Hydrogen anion">negative ion of hydrogen</a> from 1943 to 1950. This was followed by sustained work on <a href="Turbulence" title="Turbulence">turbulence</a> and hydrodynamic and hydromagnetic stability from 1950 to 1961. In the 1960s, he studied both the equilibrium and the stability of ellipsoidal figures of equilibrium, and general relativity. During the period, 1971 to 1983 he studied the mathematical theory of <a href="Black_holes" class="mw-redirect" title="Black holes">black holes</a>, and, finally, during the late 80s, he worked on the theory of colliding <a href="Gravitational_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravitational waves">gravitational waves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-standrews-8">[8]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work_with_students">Work with students</h3></div>

Chandra worked closely with his students and expressed pride in the fact that over a 50-year period (from roughly 1930 to 1980), the average age of his co-author collaborators had remained the same, at around 30. He insisted that students address him as "Prof. Chandrasekhar" until they received their PhD degree, after which time they (as other colleagues) were encouraged to address him as "Chandra". When Chandrasekhar was working at the Yerkes Observatory in 1940s, he would drive 150 miles (240 km) to and from every weekend to teach a course at the University of Chicago. Two of the students who took the course, <a href="Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">Tsung-Dao Lee</a> and <a href="Chen-Ning_Yang" class="mw-redirect" title="Chen-Ning Yang">Chen-Ning Yang</a>, won the Nobel prize before he could get one for himself. Regarding classroom interactions during his lectures, noted astrophysicist <a href="Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a> stated from firsthand experience that "frivolous questions" from unprepared students were "dealt with in the manner of a summary execution", while questions of merit "were given serious attention and response".<a href="#cite_note-C.)-1991-21">[21]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_activities">Other activities</h3></div>

From 1952 to 1971 Chandrasekhar was editor of <a href="The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> When <a href="Eugene_Parker" title="Eugene Parker">Eugene Parker</a> submitted a paper on his discovery of <a href="Solar_wind" title="Solar wind">solar wind</a> in 1957, two eminent reviewers rejected the paper. However, since Chandra as an editor could not find any mathematical flaws in Parker's work, he went ahead and published the paper in 1958.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>

During the years 1990 to 1995, Chandrasekhar worked on a project devoted to explaining the detailed geometric arguments in Sir <a href="Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>'s <a href="Philosophiae_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica">Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica</a> using the language and methods of ordinary calculus. The effort resulted in the book Newton's Principia for the Common Reader, published in 1995.

Chandrasekhar also worked on collision of gravitational waves,<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> and algebraically special perturbations.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div>

Chandrasekhar was the nephew of <a href="C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">C. V. Raman</a>, who was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930.

Chandrasekhar married Lalitha Doraiswamy in September 1936. He met her as a fellow student at <a href="Presidency_College%2C_Chennai" title="Presidency College, Chennai">Presidency College</a>. He became a <a href="Naturalized_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalized citizen">naturalised citizen</a> of the U.S. in 1953. Many considered him as warm, positive, generous, unassuming, meticulous, and open to debate, while some others as private, intimidating, impatient and stubborn regarding non-scientific matters,<a href="#cite_note-C.)-1991-21">[21]</a> and unforgiving to those who ridiculed his work.<a href="#cite_note-Imperial_College_Press-1997-26">[26]</a> Chandrasekhar was a <a href="Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>

Chandrasekhar died of a <a href="Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">heart attack</a> at the University of Chicago Hospital in 1995, having survived a prior heart attack in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-C.)-1991-21">[21]</a> He was survived by his wife, who died on 2 September 2013 at the age of 102.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> She was a serious student of literature and western classical music.<a href="#cite_note-Imperial_College_Press-1997-26">[26]</a>

Once when involved in a discussion about the <a href="Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>, Chandrasekhar said: "I should like to preface my remarks with a personal statement in order that my later remarks will not be misunderstood. I consider myself an atheist".<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> This was also confirmed many times in his other talks. Kameshwar C. Wali quoted him saying: "I am not religious in any sense; in fact, I consider myself an atheist."<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> In an interview with Kevin Krisciunas at the University of Chicago, on 6 October 1987, Chandrasekhar commented: "Of course, he (<a href="Otto_Struve" title="Otto Struve">Otto Struve</a>) knew I was an atheist, and he never brought up the subject with me".<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards,_honours_and_legacy">Awards, honours and legacy</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobel_prize">Nobel prize</h3></div>

Chandrasekhar was awarded half of the <a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 1983 for his studies on the physical processes important to the <a href="Stellar_structure" title="Stellar structure">structure</a> and <a href="Stellar_evolution" title="Stellar evolution">evolution of stars</a>. Chandrasekhar accepted this honour, but was upset the citation mentioned only his earliest work, seeing it as a denigration of a lifetime's achievement. He shared it with <a href="William_A._Fowler" class="mw-redirect" title="William A. Fowler">William A. Fowler</a>.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_awards_and_honors">Other awards and honors</h3></div>

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<ul><li><a href="List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1944" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1944">Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1944</a><a href="#cite_note-Tayler1996-1">[1]</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>, Member (1945)<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>, Member (1946)<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></li>

<li><a href="Henry_Norris_Russell_Lectureship" title="Henry Norris Russell Lectureship">Henry Norris Russell Lectureship</a> (1949)<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></li>

<li><a href="Bruce_Medal" title="Bruce Medal">Bruce Medal</a> (1952)<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></li>

<li><a href="Gold_Medal_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society">Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society</a> (1953)<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></li>

<li>United States <a href="National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a>, Member (1955)<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></li>

<li><a href="Rumford_Prize" title="Rumford Prize">Rumford Prize</a> of the <a href="American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> (1957)<a href="#cite_note-Rumford-38">[38]</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Medal_of_Science" title="National Medal of Science">National Medal of Science</a>, USA (1966)<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></li>

<li><a href="Padma_Vibhushan" title="Padma Vibhushan">Padma Vibhushan</a> (1968)</li>

<li><a href="Henry_Draper_Medal" title="Henry Draper Medal">Henry Draper Medal</a> of the <a href="United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> (1971)<a href="#cite_note-Draper-40">[40]</a></li>

<li><a href="Marian_Smoluchowski_Medal" title="Marian Smoluchowski Medal">Marian Smoluchowski Medal</a> (1973)</li>

<li><a href="Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> of the <a href="Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> (1984)</li>

<li><a href="Gordon_J._Laing_Award" title="Gordon J. Laing Award">Gordon J. Laing Award</a> (1989)</li>

<li>Golden Plate Award of the <a href="Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a> (1990)<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Radio_Astronomy_Observatory#Jansky_Prize" title="National Radio Astronomy Observatory">Jansky Lectureship</a> before the <a href="National_Radio_Astronomy_Observatory" title="National Radio Astronomy Observatory">National Radio Astronomy Observatory</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3></div>

Chandrasekhar's most notable work is on the <a href="Astrophysics" title="Astrophysics">astrophysical</a> <a href="Chandrasekhar_limit" title="Chandrasekhar limit">Chandrasekhar limit</a>. The limit gives the maximum mass of a <a href="White_dwarf" title="White dwarf">white dwarf</a> star, ~1.44 <a href="Solar_mass" title="Solar mass">solar masses</a>, or equivalently, the minimum mass that must be exceeded for a star to collapse into a <a href="Neutron_star" title="Neutron star">neutron star</a> or <a href="Black_hole" title="Black hole">black hole</a> (following a <a href="Supernova" title="Supernova">supernova</a>). The limit was first calculated by Chandrasekhar in 1930 during his maiden voyage from India to <a href="Cambridge%2C_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, England">Cambridge, England</a> for his graduate studies. In 1979, <a href="NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> named the third of its four "<a href="Great_Observatories_program" title="Great Observatories program">Great Observatories</a>" after Chandrasekhar. This followed a naming contest which attracted 6,000 entries from fifty states and sixty-one countries. The <a href="Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra X-ray Observatory</a> was launched and deployed by <a href="Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Space Shuttle Columbia</a> on 23 July 1999. The <a href="Chandrasekhar_number" title="Chandrasekhar number">Chandrasekhar number</a>, an important <a href="Dimensionless_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimensionless number">dimensionless number</a> of <a href="Magnetohydrodynamics" title="Magnetohydrodynamics">magnetohydrodynamics</a>, is named after him. The <a href="Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> <a href="1958_Chandra" title="1958 Chandra">1958 Chandra</a> is also named after Chandrasekhar. The <a href="Indian_Astronomical_Observatory#Facilities" title="Indian Astronomical Observatory">Himalayan Chandra Telescope</a> is named after him. In the Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society of London, R. J. Tayler wrote: "Chandrasekhar was a classical applied mathematician whose research was primarily applied in astronomy and whose like will probably never be seen again."<a href="#cite_note-Tayler1996-1">[1]</a>

Chandrasekhar supervised 45 PhD students.<a href="#cite_note-Singh2011-42">[42]</a> After his death, his wife Lalitha Chandrasekhar made a gift of his Nobel Prize money to the <a href="University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> towards the establishment of the Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Memorial Fellowship. First awarded in the year 2000, this fellowship is given annually to an outstanding applicant to graduate school in the PhD programs of the department of physics or the department of astronomy and astrophysics.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> S. Chandrasekhar Prize of Plasma Physics is an award given by Association of Asia Pacific Physical Societies (AAPS) to outstanding plasma physicists, started in the year 2014.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a>

The Chandra Astrophysics Institute (CAI) is a program offered for high school students who are interested in astrophysics mentored by <a href="MIT" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT">MIT</a> scientists<a href="#cite_note-Hartman_Ashton_Porro_Ahmed-45">[45]</a> and sponsored by the <a href="Chandra_X-ray_Observatory" title="Chandra X-ray Observatory">Chandra X-ray Observatory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Carl Sagan praised him in the book <a href="The_Demon-Haunted_World" title="The Demon-Haunted World">The Demon-Haunted World</a>: "I discovered what true mathematical elegance is from Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar." On 19 October 2017, Google showed a <a href="Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">Google Doodle</a> in 28 countries honouring Chandrasekhar's 107th birthday and the <a href="Chandrasekhar_limit" title="Chandrasekhar limit">Chandrasekhar limit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a>

In 2010, on account of Chandra's 100th birthday, <a href="University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> conducted a symposium titled Chandrasekhar Centennial Symposium 2010 which was attended by leading astrophysicists such as <a href="Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a>, <a href="Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Kip Thorne</a>, <a href="Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a>, <a href="Jayant_V._Narlikar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jayant V. Narlikar">Jayant V. Narlikar</a>, <a href="Rashid_Sunyaev" title="Rashid Sunyaev">Rashid Sunyaev</a>, <a href="G._Srinivasan_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="G. Srinivasan (physicist)">G. Srinivasan</a>, and <a href="Clifford_Will" class="mw-redirect" title="Clifford Will">Clifford Will</a>. Its research talks were published in 2011 as a book titled Fluid flows to Black Holes: A tribute to S Chandrasekhar on his birth centenary.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar2010" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (2010) [1939/58]. An Introduction to the Study of Stellar Structure. New York: Dover. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-486-60413-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar2005" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (2005) [1942]. Principles of Stellar Dynamics. New York: Dover. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-486-44273-0</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar2011" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (2011) [1950/1960]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/radiativetransfe0000chan">Radiative Transfer</a>. New York: Dover. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-486-60590-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1975" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1975) [1960]. Plasma Physics. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-226-10084-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1981" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1981) [1961]. Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic Stability. New York: Dover. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-486-64071-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1987" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1987) [1969]. Ellipsoidal Figures of Equilibrium. New York: Dover. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-486-65258-0</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1998" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1998) [1983]. The Mathematical Theory of Black Holes. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-850370-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1983" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1983) [1983]. Eddington: The Most Distinguished Astrophysicist of His Time. Cambridge University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780521257466</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1990" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1990) [1987]. Truth and Beauty. Aesthetics and Motivations in Science. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-226-10087-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1995" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1995). Newton's Principia for the Common Reader. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-19-851744-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSpiegel2011" class="citation book cs1">Spiegel, E.A. (2011) [1954]. The Theory of Turbulence : Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar's 1954 Lectures. Netherlands: Springer. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-94-007-0117-5</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1939" class="citation journal cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F144094">"The Dynamics of Stellar Systems. I–VIII"</a>. The Astrophysical Journal. 90 (1): 1–154. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1939ApJ....90....1C">1939ApJ....90....1C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F144094">10.1086/144094</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1943" class="citation journal cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1943). "Stochastic Problems in Physics and Astronomy". Reviews of Modern Physics. 15 (1): 1–89. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1943RvMP...15....1C">1943RvMP...15....1C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.15.1">10.1103/RevModPhys.15.1</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0034-6861">0034-6861</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1993" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1993). Classical general relativity. Royal Society.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1979" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1979). The Role of General Relativity: Retrospect and Prospect. Proc. IAU Meeting.</cite><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1943" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1943). New methods in stellar dynamics. New York Academy of Sciences.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1954" class="citation journal cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1005777">"The illumination and polarization of the sunlit sky on Rayleigh scattering"</a>. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. 44 (6). American Philosophical Society: 643–728. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1005777">10.2307/1005777</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1005777">1005777</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1983" class="citation journal cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.aps.org/rmp/abstract/10.1103/RevModPhys.56.137">"On Stars, their evolution and their stability, Nobel lecture"</a>. Reviews of Modern Physics. 56 (2). Stockholm: Nobel Foundation: 137–147. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.56.137">10.1103/RevModPhys.56.137</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1981" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000047482">New horizons of human knowledge: a series of public talks given at Unesco</a>. Unesco Press.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1975" class="citation journal cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24099932">"Shakespeare, Newton, and Beethoven: Or, Patterns of Creativity"</a>. Current Science. 70 (9). University of Chicago: 810–822. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24099932">24099932</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1973" class="citation journal cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (July 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00107517308210761">"P.A.M. Dirac on his seventieth birthday"</a>. Contemporary Physics. 14 (4): 389–394. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1973ConPh..14..389C">1973ConPh..14..389C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00107517308210761">10.1080/00107517308210761</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-7514">0010-7514</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1947" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1947). Heywood, Robert B. (ed.). The Works of the Mind:The Scientist. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 159–179. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/752682744">752682744</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1995" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1995). Reminiscences and discoveries on Ramanujan's bust. Royal Society. <a href="ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001B12NJ8">B001B12NJ8</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1990" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1990). How one may explore the physical content of the general theory of relativity. American Mathematical Society. <a href="ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B001B10QTM">B001B10QTM</a>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journals">Journals</h3></div>

Chandrasekhar published around 380 papers<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tayler1996-1">[1]</a> in his lifetime. He wrote his first paper in 1928 when he was still an undergraduate student about <a href="Compton_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Compton effect">Compton effect</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> and last paper which was accepted for publication just two months before his death was in 1995 which was about non-radial oscillation of stars.<a href="#cite_note-ChandrasekharFerrari1995-55">[55]</a> The <a href="University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a> published selected papers of Chandrasekhar in seven volumes.

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1989" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stellarstructure0000chan">Selected Papers, Vol 1, Stellar structure and stellar atmospheres</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780226100890</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1989" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1989). Selected Papers, Vol 2, Radiative transfer and negative ion of hydrogen. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780226100920</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1989" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stochasticstatis0003chan">Selected Papers, Vol 3, Stochastic, statistical and hydromagnetic problems in Physics and Astronomy</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780226100944</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1989" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/plasmaphysicshyd0000chan">Selected Papers, Vol 4, Plasma Physics, Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic stability, and applications of the Tensor-Virial theorem</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780226100975</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1990" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1990). Selected Papers, Vol 5, Relativistic Astrophysics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780226100982</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1991" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1991). Selected Papers, Vol 6, The Mathematical Theory of Black Holes and of Colliding Plane Waves. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780226101019</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1997" class="citation book cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1997). Selected Papers, Vol 7, The non-radial oscillations of star in General Relativity and other writings. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780226101040</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_and_articles_about_Chandrasekhar">Books and articles about Chandrasekhar</h3></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFMiller2005" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Arthur I. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofstarsobs00mill">Empire of the Stars: Friendship, Obsession, and Betrayal in the Quest for Black Holes</a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-618-34151-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSrinivasan1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="G._Srinivasan_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="G. Srinivasan (physicist)">Srinivasan, G.</a>, ed. (1997). From White Dwarfs to Black Holes: The Legacy of S. Chandrasekhar. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-226-76996-7</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPenrose1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose, Roger</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180723153030/http://www-old.ias.ac.in/jarch/jaa/17/213-231.pdf">"Chandrasekhar, Black Holes and Singularities"</a> (PDF). Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy. 17 (3–4): 213–231. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996JApA...17..213P">1996JApA...17..213P</a>. <a href="CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.496.2529">10.1.1.496.2529</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02702305">10.1007/BF02702305</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0250-6335">0250-6335</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119807977">119807977</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-old.ias.ac.in/jarch/jaa/17/213-231.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 23 July 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2017.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFParker1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Eugene_Parker" title="Eugene Parker">Parker, E.</a> (1996). "S. Chandrasekhar and Magnetohydrodynamics". Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy. 17 (3–4): 147–166. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996JApA...17..147P">1996JApA...17..147P</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02702301">10.1007/BF02702301</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0250-6335">0250-6335</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122374065">122374065</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWali1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Kameshwar_C._Wali" title="Kameshwar C. Wali">Wali, Kameshwar C.</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chandrabiography0000wali">Chandra: A Biography of S. Chandrasekhar</a>. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-226-87054-0</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWali1997" class="citation book cs1">Wali, Kameshwar C., ed. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/schandrasekharma0000unse">Chandrasekhar: The Man Behind the Legend – Chandra Remembered</a>. London: imperial College Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-86094-038-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWali2001" class="citation book cs1">Wali, Kameshwar C., ed. (2001). A Quest For Perspectives. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Ptd Ltd. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-86094-201-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWali2020" class="citation book cs1">Wali, Kameshwar C., ed. (2020). S Chandrasekhar: Selected Correspondence and Conversations. World Scientific Publishing Co. Ptd Ltd. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-9811208324</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWignesan2004" class="citation journal cs1">Wignesan, T., ed. (2004). "The Man who Dwarfed the Stars". The Asianists' Asia. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1298-0358">1298-0358</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFVenkataraman1992" class="citation book cs1">Venkataraman, G. (1992). Chandrasekhar and His Limit. Hyderabad, India: Universities Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-81-7371-035-3</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSaikia2011" class="citation book cs1">Saikia, D J.; et al., eds. (2011). Fluid flows to Black Holes: A tribute to S Chandrasekhar on his birth centenary. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Ptd Ltd. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-981-4299-57-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFRamnath2012" class="citation book cs1">Ramnath, Radhika, ed. (2012). S. Chandrasekhar: Man of Science. Harpercollins. <a href="ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00C3EWIME">B00C3EWIME</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFAlic2011" class="citation book cs1">Alic, Kameshwar C (2011). Kameshwar, C Wali (ed.). A Scientific Autobiography: S Chandrasekhar. A Scientific Autobiography: S Chandrasekhar. Edited by K C Wali. Published by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010sasc.book.....W">2010sasc.book.....W</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2F7686">10.1142/7686</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-981-4299-57-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSalwi2004" class="citation book cs1">Salwi, Dilip, ed. (2004). S. Chandrasekhar: The scholar scientist. Rupa. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-8129104915</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPandey2017" class="citation book cs1">Pandey, Rakesh Kumar, ed. (2017). Chandrasekhar Limit: Size of White Dwarfs. Lap Lambert Academic Publishing. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3330317666</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n-lJjR7pM7k&t=16s">"Great Indians: Professor Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar"</a>. 26 January 2014 – via <a href="NDTV" title="NDTV">NDTV</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Osterbrock_1998_pp._658–665-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Osterbrock_1998_pp._658–665_4-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFOsterbrock1998" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Donald_Edward_Osterbrock" title="Donald Edward Osterbrock">Osterbrock, Donald E.</a> (December 1998). "Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (19 October 1910 – 21 August 1995)". Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society. 142 (4). American Philosophical Society: 658–665. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-049X">0003-049X</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3152289">3152289</a>.</cite> (Registration or subscription required)

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<li id="cite_note-currentscience-5"><a href="#cite_ref-currentscience_5-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFVishveshwara2000" class="citation journal cs1">Vishveshwara, C.V. (25 April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/apr252000/generalia.pdf">"Leaves from an unwritten diary: S. Chandrasekhar, Reminiscences and Reflections"</a> (PDF). Current Science. 78 (8): 1025–1033.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Sreenivasan-7"><a href="#cite_ref-Sreenivasan_7-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSreenivasan2019" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="K._R._Sreenivasan" title="K. R. Sreenivasan">Sreenivasan, K. R.</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-fluid-010518-040537">"Chandrasekhar's Fluid Dynamics"</a>. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics. 51 (1): 1–24. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019AnRFM..51....1S">2019AnRFM..51....1S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-fluid-010518-040537">10.1146/annurev-fluid-010518-040537</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-4189">0066-4189</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-standrews-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-standrews_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-standrews_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-standrews_8-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson,_E._F" class="citation web cs1">O'Connor, J. J.; Robertson, E. F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Chandrasekhar.html">"Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar"</a>. Biographies. School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland. Retrieved 21 May 2012.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/whos_who_level2/chandra.html">"Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar"</a>. starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 19 October 2017.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/who-is/who-is-subrahmanyan-chandrasekhar-nobel-prize-winner-physics-4897568/">"Who was S Chandrasekhar?"</a>. The Indian Express. 19 October 2017. Retrieved 13 January 2019.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1983/chandrasekhar/biographical/">"Subramanyan Chandrasekhar Biographical"</a>. NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 24 September 2019.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-www.aljazeera.com-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-www.aljazeera.com_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.aljazeera.com_12-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/chandrasekhar-google-honours-171018135910958.html">"S Chandrasekhar: Why Google honours him"</a>. www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 18 October 2017.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/science/s-chandrashekhar-indias-great-astrophysicist-why-google-doodle-is-celebrating-the-nobel-prize-winner/899544/">"S Chandrashekhar, India's great astrophysicist: Why Google Doodle is celebrating the Nobel prize winner"</a>. The Financial Express. 19 October 2017. Retrieved 19 October 2017.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFWali1982" class="citation journal cs1">Wali, Kameshwar C. (1 October 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2914790">"Chandrasekhar vs. Eddington—an unanticipated confrontation"</a>. Physics Today. 35 (10): 33–40. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982PhT....35j..33W">1982PhT....35j..33W</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2914790">10.1063/1.2914790</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9228">0031-9228</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1943" class="citation report cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1943). On the conditions for the existence of three shock waves (Report). Ballistic Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground. 367.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1943" class="citation report cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1943). On the Determination of the Velocity of a Projectile from the Beat Waves Produced by Interference with the Waves of Modified Frequency Reflected from the Projectile (Report). Ballistic Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground. 365.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1943" class="citation report cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191129131115/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/492801.pdf">Optimum Height for the Bursting of a 105mm Shell</a> (PDF) (Report). Army Ballistic Research Lab Aberdeen Procing Ground MD. BRL-MR-139. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/492801.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 November 2019.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> The Works of the Mind, p.176, edited by Robert B. Heywood, University of Chicago Press, 1947.

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<li id="cite_note-C.)-1991-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-C.)-1991_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-C.)-1991_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-C.)-1991_21-2">c</a> <cite id="CITEREFWali1991" class="citation book cs1">Wali, Kameshwar C. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chandrabiography0000wali/page/9">Chandra : a biography of S. Chandrasekhar</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chandrabiography0000wali/page/9">9</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0226870540</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21297960">21297960</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHelmut_A._Abt1995" class="citation journal cs1">Helmut A. Abt (1 December 1995). "Obituary – Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan". Astrophysical Journal. 454: 551. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995ApJ...454..551A">1995ApJ...454..551A</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F176507">10.1086/176507</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFParker1958" class="citation journal cs1">Parker, E. N. (1 November 1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adsabs.harvard.edu/pdf/1958apj...128..664p">"Dynamics of the Interplanetary Gas and Magnetic Fields"</a>. The Astrophysical Journal. 128: 664. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958ApJ...128..664P">1958ApJ...128..664P</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F146579">10.1086/146579</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-637X">0004-637X</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChandrasekharXanthopoulos1985" class="citation journal cs1">Chandrasekhar, S.; Xanthopoulos, B. C. (1985). "Some exact solutions of gravitational waves coupled with fluid motions". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 402 (1823): 205–224. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985RSPSA.402..205C">1985RSPSA.402..205C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1985.0115">10.1098/rspa.1985.0115</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120942390">120942390</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1984" class="citation journal cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1984). "On algebraically special perturbations of black holes". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences. 392 (1802): 1–13. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984RSPSA.392....1C">1984RSPSA.392....1C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1984.0021">10.1098/rspa.1984.0021</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122585164">122585164</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Imperial_College_Press-1997-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Imperial_College_Press-1997_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Imperial_College_Press-1997_26-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFWali1997" class="citation book cs1">Wali, Kameshwar C., ed. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/schandrasekharma0000unse/page/107">S. Chandrasekhar : the man behind the legend</a>. London: Imperial College Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/schandrasekharma0000unse/page/107">107</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1860940385</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/38847561">38847561</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSullivan1995" class="citation news cs1">Sullivan, Walter (22 August 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/22/obituaries/subrahmanyan-chandrasekhar-84-is-dead-noble-laureate-uncovered-white-dwarfs.html">"Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, 84, Is Dead; Noble Laureate Uncovered 'White Dwarfs'"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 13 September 2020.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/nobel-laureates-wife-lalitha-chandrasekhar-dies-at-102/article5101654.ece">"Nobel laureate's wife Lalitha Chandrasekhar dies at 102"</a>. <a href="The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 7 September 2013.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> S. Chandrasekhar: the man behind the legend, Kameshwar C. Wali. Imperial College Press (1 January 1997) <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1860940385</bdi>

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<li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKameshwar_C._Wali1991" class="citation book cs1">Kameshwar C. Wali (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chandrabiography0000wali">Chandra: A Biography of Chandrasekhar</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chandrabiography0000wali/page/304">304</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780226870557</bdi>. <q>SC: I am not religious in any sense; in fact, I consider myself an atheist.</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150202064758/http://www.aip.org/history/ohilist/4552.html">"Interview with Dr. S. Chandrasekhar"</a>. American Institute of Physics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aip.org/history/ohilist/4552.html">the original</a> on 2 February 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2010.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Subrahmanyan+Chandrasekhar&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. search.amphilsoc.org.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/subrahmanyan-chandrasekhar">"Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar"</a>. American Academy of Arts & Sciences. 9 February 2023.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/57017.html">"S. Chandrasekhar"</a>. www.nasonline.org.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Rumford-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Rumford_38-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120927075008/http://www.amacad.org/about/rumford.aspx">"Past Recipients of the Rumford Prize"</a>. American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amacad.org/about/rumford.aspx">the original</a> on 27 September 2012. Retrieved 24 February 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/od/nms/recip_details.cfm?recip_id=73">"The President's National Medal of Science: Recipient Details – NSF – National Science Foundation"</a>. www.nsf.gov.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Draper-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Draper_40-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130126003930/http://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/awards/henry-draper-medal.html">"Henry Draper Medal"</a>. National Academy of Sciences. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/awards/henry-draper-medal.html">the original</a> on 26 January 2013. Retrieved 24 February 2011.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration">"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"</a>. www.achievement.org. <a href="American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Singh2011-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Singh2011_42-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSingh2011" class="citation journal cs1">Singh, Virendra (26 October 2011). "S Chandrasekhar: His Life and Science". <a href="Resonance_(journal)" title="Resonance (journal)">Resonance</a>. 16 (10): 960. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12045-011-0094-0">10.1007/s12045-011-0094-0</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-8044">0971-8044</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119945333">119945333</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://astrophysics.uchicago.edu/academics/">"Academics | Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics | The University of Chicago"</a>. astrophysics.uchicago.edu.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aappsdpp.org/AAPPSDPPF/CSPrize.html">"prizeaward"</a>. aappsdpp.org.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Hartman_Ashton_Porro_Ahmed-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Hartman_Ashton_Porro_Ahmed_45-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFHartmanAshtonPorroAhmed" class="citation web cs1">Hartman, Mark; Ashton, Peter; Porro, Irene; Ahmed, Shakib; Kol, Simba. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ocw.mit.edu/high-school/physics/chandra-astrophysics-institute/">"Chandra Astrophysics Institute"</a>. MIT OpenCourseWare. Retrieved 20 October 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chandra.harvard.edu/blog/node/84">"The Chandra Astrophysics Institute – ChandraBlog – Fresh Chandra News"</a>. chandra.harvard.edu.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/logos/doodles/2017/s-chandrasekhars-107th-birthday-5671696282419200-2xa.gif">"S. Chandrasekhar's 107th Birthday"</a> – via www.google.com.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRajamanickam_Antonimuthu2017" class="citation web cs1">Rajamanickam Antonimuthu (18 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruIRv6gLOQs">"S. Chandrasekhar Google Doodle"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/ruIRv6gLOQs">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2021 – via YouTube.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kersten.uchicago.edu/event_video/chandrasekhar_symposium/chandrasekhar_symposium.html">"KPTC Event Video – Colloquia"</a>. kersten.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 13 January 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://videolectures.net/chandrasekhar_centennial_symposium2010/">"The 100th anniversary of the birth of Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar: Chandrasekhar Centennial Symposium 2010 – Chicago"</a>. VideoLectures – VideoLectures.NET. Retrieved 13 January 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward?AWD_ID=1039863">"NSF Award Search: Award#1039863 – Chandrasekhar Centennial Symposium; Chicago, IL; October 16–17, 2010"</a>. www.nsf.gov. Retrieved 13 January 2019.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1980" class="citation journal cs1">Chandrasekhar, S (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1539299600003749">"The role of general relativity in astronomy – Retrospect and prospect"</a>. Highlights of Astronomy. 5: 45–61. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1980HiA.....5...45C">1980HiA.....5...45C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1539299600003749">10.1017/S1539299600003749</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1539-2996">1539-2996</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChandrasekhar1996" class="citation journal cs1">Chandrasekhar, S. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsbit.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-iarticle_query?1996JApA...17..269C&defaultprint=YES&filetype=.pdf">"Publications by S. Chandrasekhar"</a> (PDF). Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy. 17. Indian Academy of Sciences: 269. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996JApA...17..269C">1996JApA...17..269C</a>. Retrieved 15 May 2017.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.iacs.res.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10821/487/1/Chandrasekhar_S_Thermodynamics_Compton-Effect.pdf">"Thermodynamics of the Compton Effect with Reference to the Interior of the Stars"</a> (PDF). Indian Journal of Physics. 3: 241–50. <a href="Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10821%2F487">10821/487</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-ChandrasekharFerrari1995-55"><a href="#cite_ref-ChandrasekharFerrari1995_55-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFChandrasekharFerrari1995" class="citation journal cs1">Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan; <a href="Valeria_Ferrari" title="Valeria Ferrari">Ferrari, Valeria</a> (8 August 1995). "On the Non-Radial Oscillations of a Star: V. A Fully Relativistic Treatment of a Newtonian Star". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 450 (1939). The Royal Society: 463–475. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995RSPSA.450..463C">1995RSPSA.450..463C</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1995.0094">10.1098/rspa.1995.0094</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1364-5021">1364-5021</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120769457">120769457</a>.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFStruve1952" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Otto_Struve" title="Otto Struve">Struve, Otto</a> (1 April 1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/PASP./0064//0000055.000.html">"The Award of the Bruce Gold Medal to Dr. S. Chandrasekhar"</a>. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 64 (377): 55. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1952PASP...64...55S">1952PASP...64...55S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F126422">10.1086/126422</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6280">0004-6280</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119668926">119668926</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFParker1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="Eugene_Parker" title="Eugene Parker">Parker, E. N.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/chandrasekhar-s.pdf">"Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar. 1910-1995"</a> (PDF). Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences. 72: 28–49.</cite></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Obituaries</dt></dl>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFDevorkin1996" class="citation journal cs1">Devorkin, David H. (1 January 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/BAAS./0028//0001448.000.html">"Obituary: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, 1910-1995"</a>. Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. 28 (4): 1448. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996BAAS...28.1448D">1996BAAS...28.1448D</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFMcCrea1996" class="citation journal cs1">McCrea, W. (1 April 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/Obs../0116//0000121.000.html">"Obituary: Subramanyan Chandrasekhar"</a>. The Observatory. 116: 121–124. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996Obs...116..121M">1996Obs...116..121M</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-7704">0029-7704</a>.</cite>

<ul><li>Comment: <cite id="CITEREFCronin1998" class="citation journal cs1">Cronin, J. W. (1 February 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/Obs../0118//0000024.000.html">"Subramanyan Chandrasekhar"</a>. The Observatory. 118: 24. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Obs...118...24C">1998Obs...118...24C</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0029-7704">0029-7704</a>.</cite></li></ul></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGarstang1997" class="citation journal cs1">Garstang, R. H. (1 February 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/PASP./0109//0000073.000.html">"Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1910-1995)"</a>. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific. 109: 73–77. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997PASP..109...73G">1997PASP..109...73G</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F133864">10.1086/133864</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-6280">0004-6280</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:123095503">123095503</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSpruit1996" class="citation journal cs1">Spruit, H. C. (1 March 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/QJRAS/0037//0000261.000.html">"A 'curve of growth' of astronomers on the Citation Index"</a>. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society. 37: 1–9. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996QJRAS..37....1S">1996QJRAS..37....1S</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-8738">0035-8738</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndtv.com/video/shows/great-indians/great-indians-professor-subrahmanyan-chandrasekhar-305874">Great Indians: Professor Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a> – Video of Chandra's last interview at Chicago.</li>

<li>Audio – Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar(1988) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediatheque.lindau-nobel.org/videos/31542/the-founding-of-general-relativity-and-its-excellence-1988/laureate-chandrasekhar">The founding of general relativity and its excellence</a>.</li>

<li>Audio – Cain/Gay (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronomycast.com/history/ep-191-chandrasekhar/">Astronomy Cast</a> Chandrasekhar.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/readingroom/books/biomems/schandrasekhar.html">National Academy of Sciences biography</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chandra.harvard.edu/about/chandra.html">Harvard's site on Chandrasekhar</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nobel-winners.com/Physics/subrahmanyan_chandrasekhar.html">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060528140547/http://www.iasf.org/subraman.htm">Subramaniam Chandrashekhar</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phys-astro.sonoma.edu/BruceMedalists/Chandrasekhar/index.html">Bruce Medal page</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4551-1">Oral History interview transcript with Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar on 17 May 1977, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives</a> - Session I</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4551-2">Oral History interview transcript with Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar on 18 May 1977, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives</a> - Session II</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4551-3">Oral History interview transcript with Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar on 31 October 1977, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives</a> - Session III</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/4552">Oral History interview transcript for Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar on 6 October 1987, American Institute of Physics, Niels Bohr Library and Archives</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=70801">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.concordia.ca/chandrasekhar">Concordia University Honorary Degree Citation</a>, June 1988, Concordia University Records Management and Archives</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/RadiativeTransfer">Free PDF of Radiative Transfer on Archive.org</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.CHANDRASEKHAR">Guide to the Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Papers 1913-2011</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/scrc/">University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/122">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a> on Nobelprize.org </li></ul>

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</style><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics145" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Laureates</a> of the <a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>1901: <a href="Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></li>

<li>1902: <a href="Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></li>

<li>1903: <a href="Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></li>

<li>1904: <a href="John_William_Strutt%2C_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></li>

<li>1905: <a href="Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></li>

<li>1906: <a href="J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></li>

<li>1907: <a href="Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></li>

<li>1908: <a href="Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></li>

<li>1909: <a href="Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></li>

<li>1910: <a href="Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></li>

<li>1912: <a href="Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></li>

<li>1913: <a href="Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></li>

<li>1915: <a href="Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></li>

<li>1917: <a href="Charles_Glover_Barkla" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></li>

<li>1918: <a href="Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></li>

<li>1919: <a href="Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></li>

<li>1920: <a href="Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></li>

<li>1921: <a href="Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li>

<li>1923: <a href="Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></li>

<li>1924: <a href="Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></li>

<li>1925: <a href="James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></li></ul>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>1926: <a href="Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></li>

<li>1927: <a href="Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></li>

<li>1928: <a href="Owen_Willans_Richardson" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></li>

<li>1929: <a href="Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></li>

<li>1930: <a href="C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></li>

<li>1932: <a href="Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></li>

<li>1933: <a href="Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></li>

<li>1935: <a href="James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></li>

<li>1936: <a href="Victor_Francis_Hess" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></li>

<li>1937: <a href="Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></li>

<li>1938: <a href="Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></li>

<li>1939: <a href="Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li>

<li>1943: <a href="Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></li>

<li>1945: <a href="Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></li>

<li>1946: <a href="Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></li>

<li>1947: <a href="Edward_Victor_Appleton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></li>

<li>1948: <a href="Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></li>

<li>1949: <a href="Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></li>

<li>1950: <a href="C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>1951: <a href="John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></li>

<li>1952: <a href="Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></li>

<li>1953: <a href="Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></li>

<li>1954: <a href="Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></li>

<li>1955: <a href="Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></li>

<li>1956: <a href="William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="Walter_Houser_Brattain" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></li>

<li>1958: <a href="Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></li>

<li>1959: <a href="Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li>

<li>1960: <a href="Donald_A._Glaser" class="mw-redirect" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></li>

<li>1961: <a href="Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></li>

<li>1962: <a href="Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></li>

<li>1963: <a href="Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></li>

<li>1964: <a href="Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></li>

<li>1965: <a href="Shin'ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></li>

<li>1966: <a href="Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></li>

<li>1967: <a href="Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></li>

<li>1968: <a href="Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></li>

<li>1970: <a href="Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></li>

<li>1971: <a href="Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></li>

<li>1972: <a href="John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></li>

<li>1973: <a href="Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></li>

<li>1974: <a href="Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></li>

<li>1975: <a href="Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>1976: <a href="Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></li>

<li>1977: <a href="Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="Nevill_Francis_Mott" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></li>

<li>1978: <a href="Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></li>

<li>1979: <a href="Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></li>

<li>1980: <a href="James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></li>

<li>1981: <a href="Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></li>

<li>1982: <a href="Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></li>

<li>1983: / <a href="William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></li>

<li>1984: <a href="Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></li>

<li>1985: <a href="Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></li>

<li>1986: <a href="Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></li>

<li>1987: <a href="Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></li>

<li>1988: <a href="Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></li>

<li>1989: <a href="Norman_Ramsey_Jr." title="Norman Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></li>

<li>1990: <a href="Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></li>

<li>1991: <a href="Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></li>

<li>1992: <a href="Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></li>

<li>1993: <a href="Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></li>

<li>1994: <a href="Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></li>

<li>1995: <a href="Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></li>

<li>1996: <a href="David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></li>

<li>1997: <a href="Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></li>

<li>1998: <a href="Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></li>

<li>1999: <a href="Gerard_'t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></li>

<li>2000: <a href="Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001– present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>2001: <a href="Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></li>

<li>2002: <a href="Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></li>

<li>2003: <a href="Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></li>

<li>2004: <a href="David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></li>

<li>2005: <a href="Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></li>

<li>2006: <a href="John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></li>

<li>2007: <a href="Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></li>

<li>2008: <a href="Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></li>

<li>2009: <a href="Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></li>

<li>2010: <a href="Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></li>

<li>2011: <a href="Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </li>

<li>2012: <a href="David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></li>

<li>2013: <a href="Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></li>

<li>2014: <a href="Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></li>

<li>2015: <a href="Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></li>

<li>2016: <a href="David_J._Thouless" class="mw-redirect" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></li>

<li>2017: <a href="Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></li>

<li>2018: <a href="Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></li>

<li>2019: <a href="Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></li>

<li>2020: <a href="Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></li>

<li>2021: <a href="Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></li>

<li>2022: <a href="Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></li>

<li>2023: <a href="Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="Anne_L'Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></li>

<li>2024: <a href="John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

/* start https://en.wikipedia.org/ */

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1983_Nobel_Prize_laureates913" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1983_Nobel_Prize_laureates913" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1983 <a href="Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Henry_Taube" title="Henry Taube">Henry Taube</a> (United States)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="1983_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1983 Nobel Prize in Literature">1983</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="William_Golding" title="William Golding">William Golding</a> (Great Britain)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> (Poland)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li> (India)</li>

<li><a href="William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">William Alfred Fowler</a> (United States)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a> (United States)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="G%C3%A9rard_Debreu" title="Gérard Debreu">Gérard Debreu</a> (United States)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<dl><dt><a href="List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></dt>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Recipients_of_Padma_Vibhushan550" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Recipients_of_Padma_Vibhushan550" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="List_of_Padma_Vibhushan_award_recipients" title="List of Padma Vibhushan award recipients">Recipients</a> of <a href="Padma_Vibhushan" title="Padma Vibhushan">Padma Vibhushan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Ebrahim_Alkazi" title="Ebrahim Alkazi">Ebrahim Alkazi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kishori_Amonkar" title="Kishori Amonkar">Kishori Amonkar</a></li>

<li><a href="Prabha_Atre" title="Prabha Atre">Prabha Atre</a></li>

<li><a href="Amitabh_Bachchan" title="Amitabh Bachchan">Amitabh Bachchan</a></li>

<li><a href="Teejan_Bai" title="Teejan Bai">Teejan Bai</a></li>

<li><a href="M._Balamuralikrishna" title="M. Balamuralikrishna">M. Balamuralikrishna</a></li>

<li><a href="Balasaraswati" title="Balasaraswati">T. Balasaraswati</a></li>

<li><a href="S._P._Balasubrahmanyam" title="S. P. Balasubrahmanyam">S. P. Balasubrahmanyam</a></li>

<li><a href="Asha_Bhosle" title="Asha Bhosle">Asha Bhosle</a></li>

<li><a href="Nandalal_Bose" title="Nandalal Bose">Nandalal Bose</a></li>

<li><a href="Hariprasad_Chaurasia" title="Hariprasad Chaurasia">Hariprasad Chaurasia</a></li>

<li><a href="Chiranjeevi" title="Chiranjeevi">Chiranjeevi</a></li>

<li><a href="Girija_Devi" title="Girija Devi">Girija Devi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kumar_Gandharva" title="Kumar Gandharva">Kumar Gandharva</a></li>

<li><a href="Adoor_Gopalakrishnan" title="Adoor Gopalakrishnan">Adoor Gopalakrishnan</a></li>

<li><a href="Satish_Gujral" title="Satish Gujral">Satish Gujral</a></li>

<li><a href="Gangubai_Hangal" title="Gangubai Hangal">Gangubai Hangal</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhupen_Hazarika" title="Bhupen Hazarika">Bhupen Hazarika</a></li>

<li><a href="M._F._Husain" title="M. F. Husain">M. F. Husain</a></li>

<li><a href="Zakir_Hussain_(musician)" title="Zakir Hussain (musician)">Zakir Hussain</a></li>

<li><a href="Ilaiyaraaja" title="Ilaiyaraaja">Ilaiyaraaja</a></li>

<li><a href="Semmangudi_Srinivasa_Iyer" title="Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer">Semmangudi Srinivasa Iyer</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhimsen_Joshi" title="Bhimsen Joshi">Bhimsen Joshi</a></li>

<li><a href="Ali_Akbar_Khan" title="Ali Akbar Khan">Ali Akbar Khan</a></li>

<li><a href="Amjad_Ali_Khan" title="Amjad Ali Khan">Amjad Ali Khan</a></li>

<li><a href="Allauddin_Khan" title="Allauddin Khan">Allauddin Khan</a></li>

<li><a href="Bismillah_Khan" title="Bismillah Khan">Bismillah Khan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghulam_Mustafa_Khan_(singer)" title="Ghulam Mustafa Khan (singer)">Ghulam Mustafa Khan</a></li>

<li><a href="Yamini_Krishnamurthy" title="Yamini Krishnamurthy">Yamini Krishnamurthy</a></li>

<li><a href="Dilip_Kumar" title="Dilip Kumar">Dilip Kumar</a></li>

<li><a href="Kumudini_Lakhia" title="Kumudini Lakhia">Kumudini Lakhia</a></li>

<li><a href="R._K._Laxman" title="R. K. Laxman">R. K. Laxman</a></li>

<li><a href="Birju_Maharaj" title="Birju Maharaj">Birju Maharaj</a></li>

<li><a href="Kishan_Maharaj" title="Kishan Maharaj">Kishan Maharaj</a></li>

<li><a href="Lata_Mangeshkar" title="Lata Mangeshkar">Lata Mangeshkar</a></li>

<li><a href="Sonal_Mansingh" title="Sonal Mansingh">Sonal Mansingh</a></li>

<li><a href="Mallikarjun_Mansur" title="Mallikarjun Mansur">Mallikarjun Mansur</a></li>

<li><a href="Zubin_Mehta" title="Zubin Mehta">Zubin Mehta</a></li>

<li><a href="Mario_Miranda" title="Mario Miranda">Mario Miranda</a></li>

<li><a href="Chhannulal_Mishra" title="Chhannulal Mishra">Chhannulal Mishra</a></li>

<li><a href="Kelucharan_Mohapatra" title="Kelucharan Mohapatra">Kelucharan Mohapatra</a></li>

<li><a href="Raghunath_Mohapatra" title="Raghunath Mohapatra">Raghunath Mohapatra</a></li>

<li><a href="Jasraj" title="Jasraj">Jasraj Motiram</a></li>

<li><a href="Benode_Behari_Mukherjee" title="Benode Behari Mukherjee">Benode Behari Mukherjee</a></li>

<li><a href="Hrishikesh_Mukherjee" title="Hrishikesh Mukherjee">Hrishikesh Mukherjee</a></li>

<li><a href="Rajinikanth" title="Rajinikanth">Rajinikanth</a></li>

<li><a href="Ram_Narayan" title="Ram Narayan">Ram Narayan</a></li>

<li><a href="D._K._Pattammal" title="D. K. Pattammal">D. K. Pattammal</a></li>

<li><a href="K._Shankar_Pillai" title="K. Shankar Pillai">K. Shankar Pillai</a></li>

<li><a href="Balwant_Moreshwar_Purandare" class="mw-redirect" title="Balwant Moreshwar Purandare">Balwant Moreshwar Purandare</a></li>

<li><a href="Akkineni_Nageswara_Rao" title="Akkineni Nageswara Rao">Akkineni Nageswara Rao</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaloji_Narayana_Rao" title="Kaloji Narayana Rao">Kaloji Narayana Rao</a></li>

<li><a href="Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a></li>

<li><a href="Zohra_Sehgal" title="Zohra Sehgal">Zohra Sehgal</a></li>

<li><a href="Uday_Shankar" title="Uday Shankar">Uday Shankar</a></li>

<li><a href="Ravi_Shankar" title="Ravi Shankar">Ravi Shankar</a></li>

<li><a href="V._Shantaram" title="V. Shantaram">V. Shantaram</a></li>

<li><a href="Shivkumar_Sharma" title="Shivkumar Sharma">Shivkumar Sharma</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharda_Sinha" title="Sharda Sinha">Sharda Sinha</a></li>

<li><a href="Umayalpuram_K._Sivaraman" title="Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman">Umayalpuram K. Sivaraman</a></li>

<li><a href="M._S._Subbulakshmi" title="M. S. Subbulakshmi">M. S. Subbulakshmi</a></li>

<li><a href="L._Subramaniam" title="L. Subramaniam">L. Subramaniam</a></li>

<li><a href="K._G._Subramanyan" title="K. G. Subramanyan">K. G. Subramanyan</a></li>

<li><a href="Kapila_Vatsyayan" title="Kapila Vatsyayan">Kapila Vatsyayan</a></li>

<li><a href="Homai_Vyarawalla" title="Homai Vyarawalla">Homai Vyarawalla</a></li>

<li><a href="K._J._Yesudas" title="K. J. Yesudas">K. J. Yesudas</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Civil service</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bimala_Prasad_Chaliha" title="Bimala Prasad Chaliha">Bimala Prasad Chaliha</a></li>

<li><a href="Naresh_Chandra" title="Naresh Chandra">Naresh Chandra</a></li>

<li><a href="T._N._Chaturvedi" title="T. N. Chaturvedi">T. N. Chaturvedi</a></li>

<li><a href="Jayanto_Nath_Chaudhuri" title="Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri">Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri</a></li>

<li><a href="Suranjan_Das" title="Suranjan Das">Suranjan Das</a></li>

<li><a href="Rajeshwar_Dayal" title="Rajeshwar Dayal">Rajeshwar Dayal</a></li>

<li><a href="Basanti_Devi" title="Basanti Devi">Basanti Devi</a></li>

<li><a href="Jyotindra_Nath_Dixit" title="Jyotindra Nath Dixit">Jyotindra Nath Dixit</a></li>

<li><a href="Hafiz_Mohamad_Ibrahim" title="Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim">Hafiz Mohamad Ibrahim</a></li>

<li><a href="H._V._R._Iyengar" class="mw-redirect" title="H. V. R. Iyengar">H. V. R. Iyengar</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhola_Nath_Jha" title="Bhola Nath Jha">Bhola Nath Jha</a></li>

<li><a href="D._S._Joshi" title="D. S. Joshi">Dattatraya Shridhar Joshi</a></li>

<li><a href="Ajudhiya_Nath_Khosla" title="Ajudhiya Nath Khosla">Ajudhiya Nath Khosla</a></li>

<li><a href="Rai_Krishnadasa" title="Rai Krishnadasa">Rai Krishnadasa</a></li>

<li><a href="V._Krishnamurthy" title="V. Krishnamurthy">V. Krishnamurthy</a></li>

<li><a href="Paramasiva_Prabhakar_Kumaramangalam" title="Paramasiva Prabhakar Kumaramangalam">P. Prabhakar Kumaramangalam</a></li>

<li><a href="Pratap_Chandra_Lal" title="Pratap Chandra Lal">Pratap Chandra Lal</a></li>

<li><a href="Sam_Manekshaw" title="Sam Manekshaw">Sam Manekshaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Om_Prakash_Mehra" title="Om Prakash Mehra">Om Prakash Mehra</a></li>

<li><a href="Mohan_Sinha_Mehta" title="Mohan Sinha Mehta">Mohan Sinha Mehta</a></li>

<li><a href="M._G._K._Menon" title="M. G. K. Menon">M. G. K. Menon</a></li>

<li><a href="Brajesh_Mishra" title="Brajesh Mishra">Brajesh Mishra</a></li>

<li><a href="Sumati_Morarjee" title="Sumati Morarjee">Sumati Morarjee</a></li>

<li><a href="Arcot_Ramasamy_Mudaliar" title="Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar">A. Ramasamy Mudaliar</a></li>

<li><a href="Sardarilal_Mathradas_Nanda" title="Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda">Sardarilal Mathradas Nanda</a></li>

<li><a href="Chakravarthi_V._Narasimhan" title="Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan">Chakravarthi V. Narasimhan</a></li>

<li><a href="Braj_Kumar_Nehru" title="Braj Kumar Nehru">Braj Kumar Nehru</a></li>

<li><a href="B._D._Pande" title="B. D. Pande">Bhairab Dutt Pande</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghananand_Pande" title="Ghananand Pande">Ghananand Pande</a></li>

<li><a href="Vijaya_Lakshmi_Pandit" title="Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit">Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit</a></li>

<li><a href="T._V._Rajeswar" title="T. V. Rajeswar">T. V. Rajeswar</a></li>

<li><a href="C._R._Krishnaswamy_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="C. R. Krishnaswamy Rao">C. R. Krishnaswamy Rao</a></li>

<li><a href="P._V._R._Rao" title="P. V. R. Rao">Pattadakal Venkanna R. Rao</a></li>

<li><a href="Bipin_Rawat" title="Bipin Rawat">Bipin Rawat</a></li>

<li><a href="Khusro_Faramurz_Rustamji" title="Khusro Faramurz Rustamji">Khusro Faramurz Rustamji</a></li>

<li><a href="Harish_Chandra_Sarin" title="Harish Chandra Sarin">Harish Chandra Sarin</a></li>

<li><a href="Binay_Ranjan_Sen" title="Binay Ranjan Sen">Binay Ranjan Sen</a></li>

<li><a href="Homi_Sethna" title="Homi Sethna">Homi Sethna</a></li>

<li><a href="Arjan_Singh" title="Arjan Singh">Arjan Singh</a></li>

<li><a href="Harbaksh_Singh" title="Harbaksh Singh">Harbaksh Singh</a></li>

<li><a href="Sant_Kirpal_Singh_Ji_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Sant Kirpal Singh Ji Maharaj">Kirpal Singh</a></li>

<li><a href="Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li>

<li><a href="Tarlok_Singh_(economist)" title="Tarlok Singh (economist)">Tarlok Singh</a></li>

<li><a href="Lallan_Prasad_Singh" title="Lallan Prasad Singh">Lallan Prasad Singh</a></li>

<li><a href="B._Sivaraman" title="B. Sivaraman">Balaram Sivaraman</a></li>

<li><a href="Chandrika_Prasad_Srivastava" title="Chandrika Prasad Srivastava">Chandrika Prasad Srivastava</a></li>

<li><a href="T._Swaminathan" title="T. Swaminathan">T. Swaminathan</a></li>

<li><a href="Arun_Shridhar_Vaidya" title="Arun Shridhar Vaidya">Arun Shridhar Vaidya</a></li>

<li><a href="Dharma_Vira" title="Dharma Vira">Dharma Vira</a></li>

<li><a href="Narinder_Nath_Vohra" title="Narinder Nath Vohra">Narinder Nath Vohra</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Literature and education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="V._S._R._Arunachalam" title="V. S. R. Arunachalam">V. S. R. Arunachalam</a></li>

<li><a href="Jagdish_Bhagwati" title="Jagdish Bhagwati">Jagdish Bhagwati</a></li>

<li><a href="Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Satyendra Nath Bose</a></li>

<li><a href="Tara_Chand_(archaeologist)" title="Tara Chand (archaeologist)">Tara Chand</a></li>

<li><a href="Suniti_Kumar_Chatterji" title="Suniti Kumar Chatterji">Suniti Kumar Chatterji</a></li>

<li><a href="D._P._Chattopadhyaya" title="D. P. Chattopadhyaya">D. P. Chattopadhyaya</a></li>

<li><a href="Bhabatosh_Datta" title="Bhabatosh Datta">Bhabatosh Datta</a></li>

<li><a href="Avinash_Dixit" title="Avinash Dixit">Avinash Dixit</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahasweta_Devi" title="Mahasweta Devi">Mahasweta Devi</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a></li>

<li><a href="Sarvepalli_Gopal" title="Sarvepalli Gopal">Sarvepalli Gopal</a></li>

<li><a href="Lakshman_Shastri_Joshi" title="Lakshman Shastri Joshi">Lakshman Shastri Joshi</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaka_Kalelkar" title="Kaka Kalelkar">Kaka Kalelkar</a></li>

<li><a href="Dhondo_Keshav_Karve" title="Dhondo Keshav Karve">Dhondo Keshav Karve</a></li>

<li><a href="Gopinath_Kaviraj" title="Gopinath Kaviraj">Gopinath Kaviraj</a></li>

<li><a href="Radheshyam_Khemka" title="Radheshyam Khemka">Radheshyam Khemka</a></li>

<li><a href="Kuvempu" title="Kuvempu">Kuvempu</a></li>

<li><a href="O._N._V._Kurup" title="O. N. V. Kurup">O. N. V. Kurup</a></li>

<li><a href="Prasanta_Chandra_Mahalanobis" title="Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis">Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis</a></li>

<li><a href="Sitakant_Mahapatra" title="Sitakant Mahapatra">Sitakant Mahapatra</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Mathai" class="mw-redirect" title="John Mathai">John Mathai</a></li>

<li><a href="Kotha_Satchidananda_Murthy" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotha Satchidananda Murthy">Kotha Satchidananda Murthy</a></li>

<li><a href="Giani_Gurmukh_Singh_Musafir" class="mw-redirect" title="Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir">Giani Gurmukh Singh Musafir</a></li>

<li><a href="Basanti_Dulal_Nagchaudhuri" title="Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri">Basanti Dulal Nagchaudhuri</a></li>

<li><a href="M._T._Vasudevan_Nair" title="M. T. Vasudevan Nair">M. T. Vasudevan Nair</a></li>

<li><a href="Bal_Ram_Nanda" title="Bal Ram Nanda">Bal Ram Nanda</a></li>

<li><a href="R._K._Narayan" title="R. K. Narayan">R. K. Narayan</a></li>

<li><a href="P._Parameswaran" title="P. Parameswaran">P. Parameswaran</a></li>

<li><a href="Amrita_Pritam" title="Amrita Pritam">Amrita Pritam</a></li>

<li><a href="C._Rangarajan" title="C. Rangarajan">C. Rangarajan</a></li>

<li><a href="Ramoji_Rao" title="Ramoji Rao">Ramoji Rao</a></li>

<li><a href="Hormasji_Maneckji_Seervai" title="Hormasji Maneckji Seervai">Hormasji Maneckji Seervai</a></li>

<li><a href="Rajaram_Shastri" title="Rajaram Shastri">Rajaram Shastri</a></li>

<li><a href="K._L._Shrimali" title="K. L. Shrimali">Kalu Lal Shrimali</a></li>

<li><a href="Govindbhai_Shroff" title="Govindbhai Shroff">Govindbhai Shroff</a></li>

<li><a href="Khushwant_Singh" title="Khushwant Singh">Khushwant Singh</a></li>

<li><a href="Chandeshwar_Prasad_Narayan_Singh" title="Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh">Chandeshwar Prasad Narayan Singh</a></li>

<li><a href="Premlila_Vithaldas_Thackersey" title="Premlila Vithaldas Thackersey">Premlila Vithaldas Thackersey</a></li>

<li><a href="Mahadevi_Varma" title="Mahadevi Varma">Mahadevi Varma</a></li>

<li><a href="Bashir_Hussain_Zaidi" title="Bashir Hussain Zaidi">Bashir Hussain Zaidi</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Medicine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Jasbir_Singh_Bajaj" title="Jasbir Singh Bajaj">Jasbir Singh Bajaj</a></li>

<li><a href="B._K._Goyal" title="B. K. Goyal">B. K. Goyal</a></li>

<li><a href="Purshotam_Lal" title="Purshotam Lal">Purshotam Lal</a></li>

<li><a href="A._Lakshmanaswami_Mudaliar" title="A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar">A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar</a></li>

<li><a href="S._I._Padmavati" title="S. I. Padmavati">S. I. Padmavati</a></li>

<li><a href="Autar_Singh_Paintal" title="Autar Singh Paintal">Autar Singh Paintal</a></li>

<li><a href="D._Nageshwara_Reddy" class="mw-redirect" title="D. Nageshwara Reddy">D. Nageshwara Reddy</a></li>

<li><a href="Kantilal_Hastimal_Sancheti" title="Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti">Kantilal Hastimal Sancheti</a></li>

<li><a href="Balu_Sankaran" title="Balu Sankaran">Balu Sankaran</a></li>

<li><a href="V._Shanta" title="V. Shanta">V. Shanta</a></li>

<li><a href="Vithal_Nagesh_Shirodkar" title="Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar">Vithal Nagesh Shirodkar</a></li>

<li><a href="Prakash_Narain_Tandon" title="Prakash Narain Tandon">Prakash Narain Tandon</a></li>

<li><a href="Brihaspati_Dev_Triguna" title="Brihaspati Dev Triguna">Brihaspati Dev Triguna</a></li>

<li><a href="M._S._Valiathan" title="M. S. Valiathan">M. S. Valiathan</a></li>

<li><a href="Dilip_Mahalanabis" title="Dilip Mahalanabis">Dilip Mahalanabis</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Sunderlal_Bahuguna" title="Sunderlal Bahuguna">Sunderlal Bahuguna</a></li>

<li><a href="B._K._S._Iyengar" title="B. K. S. Iyengar">B. K. S. Iyengar</a></li>

<li><a href="Rambhadracharya" title="Rambhadracharya">Rambhadracharya</a></li>

<li><a href="Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li>

<li><a href="Vishwesha_Teertha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishwesha Teertha">Vishwesha Teertha</a></li>

<li><a href="Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li>

<li><a href="B._V._Doshi" title="B. V. Doshi">B. V. Doshi</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Public affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">L. K. Advani</a></li>

<li><a href="Montek_Singh_Ahluwalia" title="Montek Singh Ahluwalia">Montek Singh Ahluwalia</a></li>

<li><a href="Aruna_Asaf_Ali" title="Aruna Asaf Ali">Aruna Asaf Ali</a></li>

<li><a href="Fazal_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Fazal Ali">Fazal Ali</a></li>

<li><a href="Adarsh_Sein_Anand" title="Adarsh Sein Anand">Adarsh Sein Anand</a></li>

<li><a href="Madhav_Shrihari_Aney" title="Madhav Shrihari Aney">Madhav Shrihari Aney</a></li>

<li><a href="Parkash_Singh_Badal" title="Parkash Singh Badal">Parkash Singh Badal</a></li>

<li><a href="Sikander_Bakht" title="Sikander Bakht">Sikander Bakht</a></li>

<li><a href="Milon_K._Banerji" title="Milon K. Banerji">Milon K. Banerji</a></li>

<li><a href="Mirza_Hameedullah_Beg" title="Mirza Hameedullah Beg">Mirza Hameedullah Beg</a></li>

<li><a href="P._N._Bhagwati" title="P. N. Bhagwati">P. N. Bhagwati</a></li>

<li><a href="Raja_Chelliah" title="Raja Chelliah">Raja Chelliah</a></li>

<li><a href="C._K._Daphtary" title="C. K. Daphtary">Chandra Kisan Daphtary</a></li>

<li><a href="Niren_De" title="Niren De">Niren De</a></li>

<li><a href="C._D._Deshmukh" title="C. D. Deshmukh">C. D. Deshmukh</a></li>

<li><a href="Anthony_Lancelot_Dias" title="Anthony Lancelot Dias">Anthony Lancelot Dias</a></li>

<li><a href="Uma_Shankar_Dikshit" title="Uma Shankar Dikshit">Uma Shankar Dikshit</a></li>

<li><a href="Kazi_Lhendup_Dorjee" title="Kazi Lhendup Dorjee">Kazi Lhendup Dorjee</a></li>

<li><a href="George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes">George Fernandes</a></li>

<li><a href="P._B._Gajendragadkar" title="P. B. Gajendragadkar">P. B. Gajendragadkar</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Gilman" title="Benjamin Gilman">Benjamin Gilman</a></li>

<li><a href="Isma%C3%AFl_Omar_Guelleh" title="Ismaïl Omar Guelleh">Ismaïl Omar Guelleh</a></li>

<li><a href="Zakir_Husain_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakir Husain (politician)">Zakir Husain</a></li>

<li><a href="V._R._Krishna_Iyer" title="V. R. Krishna Iyer">V. R. Krishna Iyer</a></li>

<li><a href="Jagmohan" title="Jagmohan">Jagmohan</a></li>

<li><a href="Lakshmi_Chand_Jain" title="Lakshmi Chand Jain">Lakshmi Chand Jain</a></li>

<li><a href="Arun_Jaitley" title="Arun Jaitley">Arun Jaitley</a></li>

<li><a href="Aditya_Nath_Jha" title="Aditya Nath Jha">Aditya Nath Jha</a></li>

<li><a href="Murli_Manohar_Joshi" title="Murli Manohar Joshi">Murli Manohar Joshi</a></li>

<li><a href="Anerood_Jugnauth" title="Anerood Jugnauth">Anerood Jugnauth</a></li>

<li><a href="Mehdi_Nawaz_Jung" title="Mehdi Nawaz Jung">Mehdi Nawaz Jung</a></li>

<li><a href="Ali_Yavar_Jung" title="Ali Yavar Jung">Ali Yavar Jung</a></li>

<li><a href="Vijay_Kelkar" title="Vijay Kelkar">Vijay Kelkar</a></li>

<li><a href="Hans_Raj_Khanna" title="Hans Raj Khanna">Hans Raj Khanna</a></li>

<li><a href="V._N._Khare" title="V. N. Khare">V. N. Khare</a></li>

<li><a href="Jagdish_Singh_Khehar" title="Jagdish Singh Khehar">Jagdish Singh Khehar</a></li>

<li><a href="B._G._Kher" title="B. G. Kher">Balasaheb Gangadhar Kher</a></li>

<li><a href="Akhlaqur_Rahman_Kidwai" title="Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai">Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai</a></li>

<li><a href="Jivraj_Narayan_Mehta" title="Jivraj Narayan Mehta">Jivraj Narayan Mehta</a></li>

<li><a href="V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a></li>

<li><a href="Hirendranath_Mukherjee" title="Hirendranath Mukherjee">Hirendranath Mukherjee</a></li>

<li><a href="Ajoy_Mukherjee" title="Ajoy Mukherjee">Ajoy Mukherjee</a></li>

<li><a href="Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a></li>

<li><a href="Padmaja_Naidu" title="Padmaja Naidu">Padmaja Naidu</a></li>

<li><a href="Venkaiah_Naidu" title="Venkaiah Naidu">Venkaiah Naidu</a></li>

<li><a href="Gulzarilal_Nanda" title="Gulzarilal Nanda">Gulzarilal Nanda</a></li>

<li><a href="Govind_Narain" title="Govind Narain">Govind Narain</a></li>

<li><a href="Fali_Sam_Nariman" title="Fali Sam Nariman">Fali Sam Nariman</a></li>

<li><a href="Hosei_Norota" title="Hosei Norota">Hosei Norota</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanabhoy_Palkhivala" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanabhoy Palkhivala">Nanabhoy Palkhivala</a></li>

<li><a href="K._Parasaran" title="K. Parasaran">K. Parasaran</a></li>

<li><a href="Hari_Vinayak_Pataskar" title="Hari Vinayak Pataskar">Hari Vinayak Pataskar</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunder_Lal_Patwa" title="Sunder Lal Patwa">Sunder Lal Patwa</a></li>

<li><a href="Sharad_Pawar" title="Sharad Pawar">Sharad Pawar</a></li>

<li><a href="N._R._Pillai" title="N. R. Pillai">Naryana Raghvan Pillai</a></li>

<li><a href="Sri_Prakasa" title="Sri Prakasa">Sri Prakasa</a></li>

<li><a href="N._G._Ranga" title="N. G. Ranga">N. G. Ranga</a></li>

<li><a href="Ravi_Narayana_Reddy" title="Ravi Narayana Reddy">Ravi Narayana Reddy</a></li>

<li><a href="Y._Venugopal_Reddy" class="mw-redirect" title="Y. Venugopal Reddy">Y. Venugopal Reddy</a></li>

<li><a href="Ghulam_Mohammed_Sadiq" title="Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq">Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq</a></li>

<li><a href="Lakshmi_Sahgal" title="Lakshmi Sahgal">Lakshmi Sahgal</a></li>

<li><a href="P._A._Sangma" title="P. A. Sangma">P. A. Sangma</a></li>

<li><a href="M._C._Setalvad" title="M. C. Setalvad">M. C. Setalvad</a></li>

<li><a href="Kalyan_Singh" title="Kalyan Singh">Kalyan Singh</a></li>

<li><a href="Karan_Singh" title="Karan Singh">Karan Singh</a></li>

<li><a href="Nagendra_Singh" title="Nagendra Singh">Nagendra Singh</a></li>

<li><a href="Swaran_Singh" title="Swaran Singh">Swaran Singh</a></li>

<li><a href="Walter_Sisulu" title="Walter Sisulu">Walter Sisulu</a></li>

<li><a href="Soli_Sorabjee" title="Soli Sorabjee">Soli Sorabjee</a></li>

<li><a href="Kalyan_Sundaram" title="Kalyan Sundaram">Kalyan Sundaram</a></li>

<li><a href="Sushma_Swaraj" title="Sushma Swaraj">Sushma Swaraj</a></li>

<li><a href="Chandulal_Madhavlal_Trivedi" title="Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi">Chandulal Madhavlal Trivedi</a></li>

<li><a href="Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a></li>

<li><a href="M._N._Venkatachaliah" title="M. N. Venkatachaliah">M. N. Venkatachaliah</a></li>

<li><a href="K._K._Venugopal" title="K. K. Venugopal">Kottayan Katankot Venugopal</a></li>

<li><a href="Jigme_Dorji_Wangchuck" title="Jigme Dorji Wangchuck">Jigme Dorji Wangchuck</a></li>

<li><a href="S._M._Krishna" title="S. M. Krishna">S. M. Krishna</a></li>

<li><a href="Mulayam_Singh_Yadav" title="Mulayam Singh Yadav">Mulayam Singh Yadav</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Science and engineering</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="V._K._Aatre" title="V. K. Aatre">V. K. Aatre</a></li>

<li><a href="Salim_Ali" title="Salim Ali">Salim Ali</a></li>

<li><a href="Norman_Borlaug" title="Norman Borlaug">Norman Borlaug</a></li>

<li><a href="Rajagopala_Chidambaram" title="Rajagopala Chidambaram">Rajagopala Chidambaram</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_Correa" title="Charles Correa">Charles Correa</a></li>

<li><a href="Satish_Dhawan" title="Satish Dhawan">Satish Dhawan</a></li>

<li><a href="Anil_Kakodkar" title="Anil Kakodkar">Anil Kakodkar</a></li>

<li><a href="A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam" title="A. P. J. Abdul Kalam">A. P. J. Abdul Kalam</a></li>

<li><a href="Krishnaswamy_Kasturirangan" title="Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan">Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan</a></li>

<li><a href="Har_Gobind_Khorana" title="Har Gobind Khorana">Har Gobind Khorana</a></li>

<li><a href="Daulat_Singh_Kothari" title="Daulat Singh Kothari">Daulat Singh Kothari</a></li>

<li><a href="Verghese_Kurien" title="Verghese Kurien">Verghese Kurien</a></li>

<li><a href="Raghunath_Anant_Mashelkar" title="Raghunath Anant Mashelkar">Raghunath Anant Mashelkar</a></li>

<li><a href="G._Madhavan_Nair" title="G. Madhavan Nair">G. Madhavan Nair</a></li>

<li><a href="Roddam_Narasimha" title="Roddam Narasimha">Roddam Narasimha</a></li>

<li><a href="Jayant_Narlikar" title="Jayant Narlikar">Jayant Narlikar</a></li>

<li><a href="Rajendra_K._Pachauri" title="Rajendra K. Pachauri">Rajendra K. Pachauri</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Peary_Pal" title="Benjamin Peary Pal">Benjamin Peary Pal</a></li>

<li><a href="I._G._Patel" title="I. G. Patel">I. G. Patel</a></li>

<li><a href="Venkatraman_Ramakrishnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkatraman Ramakrishnan">Venkatraman Ramakrishnan</a></li>

<li><a href="K._R._Ramanathan" title="K. R. Ramanathan">K. R. Ramanathan</a></li>

<li><a href="Raja_Ramanna" title="Raja Ramanna">Raja Ramanna</a></li>

<li><a href="Palle_Rama_Rao" title="Palle Rama Rao">Palle Rama Rao</a></li>

<li><a href="Udupi_Ramachandra_Rao" title="Udupi Ramachandra Rao">Udupi Ramachandra Rao</a></li>

<li><a href="Vikram_Sarabhai" title="Vikram Sarabhai">Vikram Sarabhai</a></li>

<li><a href="Man_Mohan_Sharma" title="Man Mohan Sharma">Man Mohan Sharma</a></li>

<li><a href="Obaid_Siddiqi" title="Obaid Siddiqi">Obaid Siddiqi</a></li>

<li><a href="E._Sreedharan" title="E. Sreedharan">E. Sreedharan</a></li>

<li><a href="M._R._Srinivasan" title="M. R. Srinivasan">M. R. Srinivasan</a></li>

<li><a href="E._C._George_Sudarshan" title="E. C. George Sudarshan">George Sudarshan</a></li>

<li><a href="M._S._Swaminathan" title="M. S. Swaminathan">M. S. Swaminathan</a></li>

<li><a href="Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li>

<li><a href="S._R._Srinivasa_Varadhan" title="S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan">S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Social work</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Pandurang_Shastri_Athavale" title="Pandurang Shastri Athavale">Pandurang Shastri Athavale</a></li>

<li><a href="Janaki_Devi_Bajaj" title="Janaki Devi Bajaj">Janaki Devi Bajaj</a></li>

<li><a href="Mirabehn" title="Mirabehn">Mirabehn</a></li>

<li><a href="Kamaladevi_Chattopadhyay" title="Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay">Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay</a></li>

<li><a href="Durgabai_Deshmukh" title="Durgabai Deshmukh">Durgabai Deshmukh</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanaji_Deshmukh" title="Nanaji Deshmukh">Nanaji Deshmukh</a></li>

<li><a href="Nirmala_Deshpande" title="Nirmala Deshpande">Nirmala Deshpande</a></li>

<li><a href="Mohan_Dharia" title="Mohan Dharia">Mohan Dharia</a></li>

<li><a href="U._N._Dhebar" title="U. N. Dhebar">U. N. Dhebar</a></li>

<li><a href="Valerian_Gracias" title="Valerian Gracias">Valerian Gracias</a></li>

<li><a href="Veerendra_Heggade" title="Veerendra Heggade">Veerendra Heggade</a></li>

<li><a href="Mary_Clubwala_Jadhav" title="Mary Clubwala Jadhav">Mary Clubwala Jadhav</a></li>

<li><a href="Gaganvihari_Lallubhai_Mehta" title="Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta">Gaganvihari Lallubhai Mehta</a></li>

<li><a href="Usha_Mehta" title="Usha Mehta">Usha Mehta</a></li>

<li><a href="Nirmala_Joshi" title="Nirmala Joshi">Sister Nirmala</a></li>

<li><a href="Nellie_Sengupta" title="Nellie Sengupta">Nellie Sengupta</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Viswanathan_Anand" title="Viswanathan Anand">Viswanathan Anand</a></li>

<li><a href="Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Edmund Hillary</a></li>

<li><a href="Sachin_Tendulkar" title="Sachin Tendulkar">Sachin Tendulkar</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;font-weight:normal;">Trade and industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0;line-height:1.3em; white-space:normal;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Dhirubhai_Ambani" title="Dhirubhai Ambani">Dhirubhai Ambani</a></li>

<li><a href="G._D._Birla" title="G. D. Birla">Ghanshyam Das Birla</a></li>

<li><a href="Ashok_Sekhar_Ganguly" title="Ashok Sekhar Ganguly">Ashok Sekhar Ganguly</a></li>

<li><a href="Aga_Khan_IV" title="Aga Khan IV">Karim Al Hussaini Aga Khan</a></li>

<li><a href="Lakshmi_Mittal" title="Lakshmi Mittal">Lakshmi Mittal</a></li>

<li><a href="Anil_Manibhai_Naik" class="mw-redirect" title="Anil Manibhai Naik">Anil Manibhai Naik</a></li>

<li><a href="N._R._Narayana_Murthy" title="N. R. Narayana Murthy">N. R. Narayana Murthy</a></li>

<li><a href="M._Narasimham" title="M. Narasimham">M. Narasimham</a></li>

<li><a href="Prithvi_Raj_Singh_Oberoi" title="Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi">Prithvi Raj Singh Oberoi</a></li>

<li><a href="Azim_Premji" title="Azim Premji">Azim Premji</a></li>

<li><a href="Prathap_C._Reddy" title="Prathap C. Reddy">Prathap C. Reddy</a></li>

<li><a href="Osamu_Suzuki_(businessman)" title="Osamu Suzuki (businessman)">Osamu Suzuki</a></li>

<li><a href="Ratan_Tata" title="Ratan Tata">Ratan Tata</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> <a href="Portal%3AIndia" title="Portal:India">Portal</a></li>

<li> Category</li>

<li> WikiProject</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copley_Medallists_(1951–2000)35" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Copley_Medallists_(1951–2000)35" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medallists</a> (1951–2000)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="David_Keilin" title="David Keilin">David Keilin</a> (1951)</li>

<li><a href="Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Paul Dirac</a> (1952)</li>

<li><a href="Albert_Kluyver" title="Albert Kluyver">Albert Kluyver</a> (1953)</li>

<li><a href="E._T._Whittaker" title="E. T. Whittaker">E. T. Whittaker</a> (1954)</li>

<li><a href="Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">Ronald Fisher</a> (1955)</li>

<li><a href="Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Patrick Blackett</a> (1956)</li>

<li><a href="Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a> (1957)</li>

<li><a href="John_Edensor_Littlewood" title="John Edensor Littlewood">John Edensor Littlewood</a> (1958)</li>

<li><a href="Macfarlane_Burnet" title="Macfarlane Burnet">Macfarlane Burnet</a> (1959)</li>

<li><a href="Harold_Jeffreys" title="Harold Jeffreys">Harold Jeffreys</a> (1960)</li>

<li><a href="Hans_Krebs_(biochemist)" title="Hans Krebs (biochemist)">Hans Krebs</a> (1961)</li>

<li><a href="Cyril_N._Hinshelwood" title="Cyril N. Hinshelwood">Cyril N. Hinshelwood</a> (1962)</li>

<li><a href="Paul_Fildes" title="Paul Fildes">Paul Fildes</a> (1963)</li>

<li><a href="Sydney_Chapman_(mathematician)" title="Sydney Chapman (mathematician)">Sydney Chapman</a> (1964)</li>

<li><a href="Alan_Hodgkin" title="Alan Hodgkin">Alan Hodgkin</a> (1965)</li>

<li><a href="Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">Lawrence Bragg</a> (1966)</li>

<li><a href="Bernard_Katz" title="Bernard Katz">Bernard Katz</a> (1967)</li>

<li><a href="Tadeusz_Reichstein" title="Tadeusz Reichstein">Tadeusz Reichstein</a> (1968)</li>

<li><a href="Peter_Medawar" title="Peter Medawar">Peter Medawar</a> (1969)</li>

<li><a href="Norman_Pirie" title="Norman Pirie">Norman Pirie</a> (1971)</li>

<li><a href="Nevill_Mott" title="Nevill Mott">Nevill Mott</a> (1972)</li>

<li><a href="Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a> (1973)</li>

<li><a href="W._V._D._Hodge" title="W. V. D. Hodge">W. V. D. Hodge</a> (1974)</li>

<li><a href="Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> (1975)</li>

<li><a href="Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a> (1976)</li>

<li><a href="Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a> (1977)</li>

<li><a href="Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Burns Woodward</a> (1978)</li>

<li><a href="Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Max Perutz</a> (1979)</li>

<li><a href="Derek_Barton" title="Derek Barton">Derek Barton</a> (1980)</li>

<li><a href="Peter_D._Mitchell" title="Peter D. Mitchell">Peter D. Mitchell</a> (1981)</li>

<li><a href="John_Cornforth" title="John Cornforth">John Cornforth</a> (1982)</li>

<li><a href="Rodney_Porter" title="Rodney Porter">Rodney Porter</a> (1983)</li>

<li><a href="Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Aaron Klug</a> (1985)</li>

<li><a href="Rudolf_Peierls" title="Rudolf Peierls">Rudolf Peierls</a> (1986)</li>

<li><a href="Robin_Hill_(biochemist)" title="Robin Hill (biochemist)">Robin Hill</a> (1987)</li>

<li><a href="Michael_Atiyah" title="Michael Atiyah">Michael Atiyah</a> (1988)</li>

<li><a href="C%C3%A9sar_Milstein" title="César Milstein">César Milstein</a> (1989)</li>

<li><a href="Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Abdus Salam</a> (1990)</li>

<li><a href="Sydney_Brenner" title="Sydney Brenner">Sydney Brenner</a> (1991)</li>

<li><a href="George_Porter" title="George Porter">George Porter</a> (1992)</li>

<li><a href="James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a> (1993)</li>

<li><a href="Charles_Frank_(physicist)" title="Charles Frank (physicist)">Charles Frank</a> (1994)</li>

<li><a href="Frank_Fenner" title="Frank Fenner">Frank Fenner</a> (1995)</li>

<li><a href="Alan_Cottrell" title="Alan Cottrell">Alan Cottrell</a> (1996)</li>

<li><a href="Hugh_Huxley" title="Hugh Huxley">Hugh Huxley</a> (1997)</li>

<li><a href="James_Lighthill" title="James Lighthill">James Lighthill</a> (1998)</li>

<li><a href="John_Maynard_Smith" title="John Maynard Smith">John Maynard Smith</a> (1999)</li>

<li><a href="Alan_R._Battersby" title="Alan R. Battersby">Alan R. Battersby</a> (2000)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Relativity254" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div id="Relativity254" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">Relativity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">Special relativity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Principle_of_relativity" title="Principle of relativity">Principle of relativity</a> (<a href="Galilean_invariance" title="Galilean invariance">Galilean relativity</a></li>

<li><a href="Galilean_transformation" title="Galilean transformation">Galilean transformation</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">Special relativity</a></li>

<li><a href="Doubly_special_relativity" title="Doubly special relativity">Doubly special relativity</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Fundamental concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Frame_of_reference" title="Frame of reference">Frame of reference</a></li>

<li><a href="Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">Speed of light</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperbolic_orthogonality" title="Hyperbolic orthogonality">Hyperbolic orthogonality</a></li>

<li><a href="Rapidity" title="Rapidity">Rapidity</a></li>

<li><a href="Maxwell's_equations" title="Maxwell's equations">Maxwell's equations</a></li>

<li><a href="Proper_length" title="Proper length">Proper length</a></li>

<li><a href="Proper_time" title="Proper time">Proper time</a></li>

<li><a href="Proper_acceleration" title="Proper acceleration">Proper acceleration</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass_in_special_relativity" title="Mass in special relativity">Relativistic mass</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Formulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Lorentz_transformation" title="Lorentz transformation">Lorentz transformation</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_textbooks_on_relativity" title="List of textbooks on relativity">Textbooks</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Time_dilation" title="Time dilation">Time dilation</a></li>

<li><a href="Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence" title="Mass–energy equivalence">Mass–energy equivalence (E=mc2)</a></li>

<li><a href="Length_contraction" title="Length contraction">Length contraction</a></li>

<li><a href="Relativity_of_simultaneity" title="Relativity of simultaneity">Relativity of simultaneity</a></li>

<li><a href="Relativistic_Doppler_effect" title="Relativistic Doppler effect">Relativistic Doppler effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_precession" title="Thomas precession">Thomas precession</a></li>

<li><a href="Ladder_paradox" title="Ladder paradox">Ladder paradox</a></li>

<li><a href="Twin_paradox" title="Twin paradox">Twin paradox</a></li>

<li><a href="Terrell_rotation" title="Terrell rotation">Terrell rotation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Light_cone" title="Light cone">Light cone</a></li>

<li><a href="World_line" title="World line">World line</a></li>

<li><a href="Minkowski_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Minkowski diagram">Minkowski diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Biquaternion" title="Biquaternion">Biquaternions</a></li>

<li><a href="Minkowski_space" title="Minkowski space">Minkowski space</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="General_relativity" title="General relativity">General relativity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Introduction_to_general_relativity" title="Introduction to general relativity">Introduction</a></li>

<li><a href="Mathematics_of_general_relativity" title="Mathematics of general relativity">Mathematical formulation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Fundamental concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Equivalence_principle" title="Equivalence principle">Equivalence principle</a></li>

<li><a href="Riemannian_geometry" title="Riemannian geometry">Riemannian geometry</a></li>

<li><a href="Penrose_diagram" title="Penrose diagram">Penrose diagram</a></li>

<li><a href="Geodesics_in_general_relativity" title="Geodesics in general relativity">Geodesics</a></li>

<li><a href="Mach's_principle" title="Mach's principle">Mach's principle</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Formulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ADM_formalism" title="ADM formalism">ADM formalism</a></li>

<li><a href="BSSN_formalism" title="BSSN formalism">BSSN formalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Einstein_field_equations" title="Einstein field equations">Einstein field equations</a></li>

<li><a href="Linearized_gravity" title="Linearized gravity">Linearized gravity</a></li>

<li><a href="Parameterized_post-Newtonian_formalism" title="Parameterized post-Newtonian formalism">Post-Newtonian formalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Raychaudhuri_equation" title="Raychaudhuri equation">Raychaudhuri equation</a></li>

<li><a href="Hamilton%E2%80%93Jacobi%E2%80%93Einstein_equation" title="Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation">Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation</a></li>

<li><a href="Ernst_equation" title="Ernst equation">Ernst equation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Black_hole" title="Black hole">Black hole</a></li>

<li><a href="Event_horizon" title="Event horizon">Event horizon</a></li>

<li><a href="Gravitational_singularity" title="Gravitational singularity">Singularity</a></li>

<li><a href="Two-body_problem_in_general_relativity" title="Two-body problem in general relativity">Two-body problem</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">Gravitational waves</a>: <a href="Gravitational-wave_astronomy" title="Gravitational-wave astronomy">astronomy</a></li>

<li><a href="Gravitational-wave_observatory" title="Gravitational-wave observatory">detectors</a> (<a href="LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a> and <a href="LIGO_Scientific_Collaboration" title="LIGO Scientific Collaboration">collaboration</a></li>

<li><a href="Virgo_interferometer" title="Virgo interferometer">Virgo</a></li>

<li><a href="LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a></li>

<li><a href="Hulse%E2%80%93Taylor_binary" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulse–Taylor binary">Hulse–Taylor binary</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Tests_of_general_relativity" title="Tests of general relativity">Other tests</a>: <a href="Apsidal_precession" title="Apsidal precession">precession</a> of Mercury</li>

<li><a href="Gravitational_lens" title="Gravitational lens">lensing</a> (together with <a href="Einstein_cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein cross">Einstein cross</a> and <a href="Einstein_rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein rings">Einstein rings</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Gravitational_redshift" title="Gravitational redshift">redshift</a></li>

<li><a href="Shapiro_time_delay" title="Shapiro time delay">Shapiro delay</a></li>

<li><a href="Frame-dragging" title="Frame-dragging">frame-dragging</a> / <a href="Geodetic_effect" title="Geodetic effect">geodetic effect</a> (<a href="Lense%E2%80%93Thirring_precession" title="Lense–Thirring precession">Lense–Thirring precession</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Pulsar_timing_array" title="Pulsar timing array">pulsar timing arrays</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Advanced theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Brans%E2%80%93Dicke_theory" title="Brans–Dicke theory">Brans–Dicke theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Kaluza%E2%80%93Klein_theory" title="Kaluza–Klein theory">Kaluza–Klein</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">Quantum gravity</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="Exact_solutions_in_general_relativity" title="Exact solutions in general relativity">Solutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>Cosmological: <a href="Friedmann%E2%80%93Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Robertson%E2%80%93Walker_metric" title="Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric">Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker</a> (<a href="Friedmann_equations" title="Friedmann equations">Friedmann equations</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Tolman_metric" title="Lemaître–Tolman metric">Lemaître–Tolman</a></li>

<li><a href="Kasner_metric" title="Kasner metric">Kasner</a></li>

<li><a href="BKL_singularity" title="BKL singularity">BKL singularity</a></li>

<li><a href="G%C3%B6del_metric" title="Gödel metric">Gödel</a></li>

<li><a href="Milne_model" title="Milne model">Milne</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>Spherical: <a href="Schwarzschild_metric" title="Schwarzschild metric">Schwarzschild</a> (<a href="Interior_Schwarzschild_metric" title="Interior Schwarzschild metric">interior</a></li>

<li><a href="Tolman%E2%80%93Oppenheimer%E2%80%93Volkoff_equation" title="Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation">Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Reissner%E2%80%93Nordstr%C3%B6m_metric" title="Reissner–Nordström metric">Reissner–Nordström</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>Axisymmetric: <a href="Kerr_metric" title="Kerr metric">Kerr</a> (<a href="Kerr%E2%80%93Newman_metric" title="Kerr–Newman metric">Kerr–Newman</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Weyl%E2%88%92Lewis%E2%88%92Papapetrou_coordinates" class="mw-redirect" title="Weyl−Lewis−Papapetrou coordinates">Weyl−Lewis−Papapetrou</a></li>

<li><a href="Van_Stockum_dust" title="Van Stockum dust">van Stockum dust</a></li>

<li><a href="Relativistic_disk" title="Relativistic disk">discs</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>Others: <a href="Pp-wave_spacetime" title="Pp-wave spacetime">pp-wave</a></li>

<li><a href="Ozsv%C3%A1th%E2%80%93Sch%C3%BCcking_metric" title="Ozsváth–Schücking metric">Ozsváth–Schücking</a></li>

<li><a href="Alcubierre_drive" title="Alcubierre drive">Alcubierre</a></li>

<li><a href="Ellis_wormhole" title="Ellis wormhole">Ellis</a></li></ul>

<ul><li>In computational physics: <a href="Numerical_relativity" title="Numerical relativity">Numerical relativity</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li>

<li><a href="Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a></li>

<li><a href="Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">Hilbert</a></li>

<li><a href="Karl_Schwarzschild" title="Karl Schwarzschild">Schwarzschild</a></li>

<li><a href="Willem_de_Sitter" title="Willem de Sitter">de Sitter</a></li>

<li><a href="Arthur_Eddington" title="Arthur Eddington">Eddington</a></li>

<li><a href="Alexander_Friedmann" title="Alexander Friedmann">Friedmann</a></li>

<li><a href="Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Georges Lemaître">Lemaître</a></li>

<li><a href="Edward_Arthur_Milne" title="Edward Arthur Milne">Milne</a></li>

<li><a href="Howard_P._Robertson" title="Howard P. Robertson">Robertson</a></li>

<li><a href="Fritz_Zwicky" title="Fritz Zwicky">Zwicky</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li>

<li><a href="Yvonne_Choquet-Bruhat" title="Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat">Choquet-Bruhat</a></li>

<li><a href="Yakov_Zeldovich" title="Yakov Zeldovich">Zel'dovich</a></li>

<li><a href="Igor_Dmitriyevich_Novikov" title="Igor Dmitriyevich Novikov">Novikov</a></li>

<li><a href="J%C3%BCrgen_Ehlers" title="Jürgen Ehlers">Ehlers</a></li>

<li><a href="Robert_Geroch" title="Robert Geroch">Geroch</a></li>

<li><a href="Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a></li>

<li><a href="Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Hawking</a></li>

<li><a href="Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">Taylor</a></li>

<li><a href="Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a></li>

<li><a href="Hermann_Bondi" title="Hermann Bondi">Bondi</a></li>

<li><a href="Charles_W._Misner" title="Charles W. Misner">Misner</a></li>

<li><a href="Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></li>

<li><a href="Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_contributors_to_general_relativity" title="List of contributors to general relativity">others</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> Category</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148109#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4030" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148109#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4030" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000010854895X">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7422653">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/74558">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJc7R8CfhFMfYD4Vp4Y773">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119007665">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81068791">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121195560">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121195560">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00435692">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV050473">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36201882">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990003798&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX5478005">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073979147">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90207583">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000183188&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000101361&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000353107">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=308103">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201760300">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/b8nqqkcv2d5lh95">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810620626305606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007603720505171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511805606706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14036536">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00684391?l=en">CiNii</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=70801">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=22987787000">Scopus</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:chandrasekhar.subrahmanyan">zbMATH</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/47300">MathSciNet</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/fbcf18d1-a21e-4da1-8fd7-e22130d165ce">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1228355">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/119007665.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029605148">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6df6sq7">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/person/ef0c6110-bfe6-428d-a599-4efcbb1e8dfa">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-24" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar&oldid=1302226099">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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